Steps you can take to make online system safe for customers Research Paper

Steps you can cover to make online dodge safe for clients - Research Paper ExampleThe sectors which were highly benefitted with the advancement of technology accommodate healthc atomic number 18, education, communication and retail business. In spite of having so many positive elements, technology still suffers from sealed flaw which involves too much dependency on technology which in turn lessens the value of gentle labors. However, the biggest disadvantage of technology that has become a topic of discussion these days refers to the security measure threats faced by the users of the advanced technologies. We shall discuss further how to overcome these threats from the viewpoint of an IT manager of an organization. Steps to ensure secured online transaction for the customers concord to the Computer Crime and Security Survey of 2009- 2010, Malware infection was regarded as the most common type of security attack, with almost 67.1% people reporting it. Also around 45.6% of the p eople reported that they had been the target of at to the lowest degree one security threat. Many had faced financial losses due to poor security system and therefore they didnt mention the amount of loss they had suffered. These incidents however make the general people sensible as well as lose confidence in the benefits of online business opportunities. The various business organizations are continuously making efforts to make the customers feel secured from the potential threats that might arise from cyber crimes. For this purpose, the organizations have taken some(prenominal) steps which are inevitably influenced by the guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The steps include- 1. Accountability- The first and best step towards a secured technology structure would involve the accountability of the providers, owners and customers towards the security of the system. Anything doubtful should be straight communicated. 2. Awareness- In order to encourage increased and safe usage of technology, its expected from the owners, customers and service providers that they should be conscious and aware about the existence and limit of security measures available in an organization. They should be alert spot using their accounts and should not forget to sign out each time after their work is done. 3. Ethics- The owners of the organizations as well as the service providers should follow an ethical code of conduct in which, if a customer is found unaware of the technology threats, they should be taken proper care of by guiding them throughout the entire procedure. 4. Multidisciplinary- The security measures should be formed keeping in consideration the fields of law, society, technology, education, administration and politics, so that the system becomes safe in all terms letting the customers to trust the organization with confidence. (Loader and Thomas, 1) 5. Timeliness- When the customer finds anything suspicious, thusly, their issues use up to be addressed instantly. Delay and negligence might cause the cyber crime to take place and then the customer would never trust online transaction any more. 6. Antivirus packet- The system of the organization should be secured with the implementation of software that detects potential threats including virus, spam and firewall. 7. Encryption of software- Encryption is the process of specially encoding the data in a system which is impossible to access without the exact key or code. This can be done with the involution of expert software professionals. An encrypted

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Analysis - Essay ExampleIt is not possible to claim that wizard is rightly in doing such things in a certain way e.g. committing adultery at the right time and with the right woman. He argues that for such cowardly and unjust consummations, there is no mean because what is seen to be median(a) is in fact extreme. When such actions are done, they are wrong.The reasons given by Aristotle clearly concomitant the thesis. He shows that the choice of an action lying between good and sorry is itself a questioning action since it is not possible to do a bad thing in the right way. What is seen to be an intermediate or midpoint is itself a bad choice. The reasons given are plausible because the fact that a bad action is being undertaken, it remains to be bad regardless of where and how such actions are committed. For instance, there is no way of good way of being a murderer or adulterous. In real life, this transportation system plays an important in real life since it emphasizes on t he importance of choosing the right action when faced with the choices of bad and evil. For example, the mid-point between non-murder and murder is not the right choice. The right choice in this case is non-murder. Therefore, there is no good deed that lies between bad and good. It will remain to be

Researching a decay (1990's movies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Researching a decay (1990s movies) - analyze ExampleAs pointed out, the popular culture during 1990s was entirely different from the past decade beca practise the unthought end of Cold War, the collapse of Soviet Union and the collapse of Berlin wall deeply influence the semi policy-making/cultural scenario of the world. To be specific, the wartime sentiment and nationalistic mood transformed into cultural amalgamation and acceptance. But Chris states that The accelerating consolidation of information and entertainment media meant that movies and television shows had become news themselves (139). The popular culture reflects the aspirations and feelings of the mass and acts as a safety valve which reflects the cultural characteristics of a society. Within this context, the popular culture during 1990s set itself free from political stance and transformed into multiculturalism. In short, popular culture during 1990s reflected the change in international governance and reflected t he same within culture.The most important characteristic of movies during 1990s was hyperrealism. Within this context, the main characteristics of hyperrealism can be broadly classified into three intervention, identity, and space and time.Hyperrealism in 1990s can be simply defined as the dilemma which leads to virtual real illusion. To be specific, the films in 1990s are interconnected with hyperrealism. Martin opines that The use of terms such as simulation, virtual reality and hyperrealism in the criticism of news media is oft confused and imprecise (141). The individual (say, the hero) who is able to experience hyperrealism can act the role of a line of merchandise between virtual and real worlds. This is the most important characteristic of hyperrealism, which influenced the scenario of cinema in 1990s. The other characteristics of hyperrealism in 1990s includeWithin this context, the film The Matrix (1999) is one of the best examples of hyperrealism

Writer's choice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writers excerpt - Assignment ExampleThe case begins with the law enforcement officers, the do investigations on a crime while gathering evidence that they present before the court. The court then takes over and weighs the evidence hence reaching a judgment resulting to either acquittal or universe given to the correctional systems. The correctional systems use internment and probation to ensure they correct and punish the criminal. The rights of the accused be safeguarded throughout the criminal justice system.One decided difference between the two groups is in their organization. The Italian mafia is well unionised in a hierarchical systems which means they have leaders that control them from the top most to the least. On the other hand, the Russian Mafia is disorganized due to their fluidity and lack of adequate structures to control the group. This difference brings another, the law enforcers are able to identify the mafia members in Italy while in Russia, it is very diffic ult, the Russian mafia bay window go silent for some time and then reappears later depending on the prevailing situation. The origin of the mafias brings a sharp difference in the way they respond to situations those of Italy have roots from poor Sicilian citizenry while in Russia they are the elite that understand a lot of intelligence affairs. Despite being cruel, the Italian mafia upholds some morality believe in God and shows fairness. However, their Russian counterparts are super immoral, they can easily kill or maim.The mafias are involved in a number of organized criminal activities. In both countries, they use the criminal activities as a mode of airing their views or showing their dissatisfaction. However, In Russia, the organized crimes are quite sophisticated and they address mainly economic issues. They air crimes such as credit card fraud, tax evasion, stocks and

Movie Summary and Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie Summary and suss out - Essay Examplee of India from the hands of the British through numerous and lengthy non-violent protests of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi can be seen as an example of how agents of social changes can be mediated through the leadership of one person.The photograph shows viewers how the close of a celebrated icon could affect people and politics by video display the death and funeral of Gandhi first before moving backwards to the experience that changed his outlook and beliefs, which was being kicked out of the splendid car patronage having tickets, during a train ride in South Africa (Attenborough, 1982). It is through experiencing the harsh mankind of the oppression of native people and minorities that Gandhi wakes up and begins his non-violent revolution in the liberation of India from the British, and the quest for peace among its citizens. However, despite his efforts in unifying India, the majority of Hindus and Muslims were un adequate to(p) to bri ng a compromising solution apart from the legal separation of the Muslims as a country from the rest of the Hindu population, and while he was able to sway the beliefs of close to people, there were still some detractors which do not believe in his ideals of unification and passive-resistance (Attenborough, 1982). This leads to his assassination and death in 1948, which became a major event among the lives of well-nigh members of the Hindu population, and made Gandhi an icon of peace.The movie was able to portray numerous social issues, such as the violation of human rights, the inability of people with dissimilar mindsets to work together with trust, and the difficulties of standing up for ones position without off terminate others or ending up becoming too passive. What made Gandhi seem like a great soul to most of his followers, and the people around him was that he was able to show authenticity of his actions, a passion for what he believes, and a strong sense of morality ev en when he was kept behind bars numerous times, which were in all hard to do during the

Application of One of Four Individual Theories to Health Behavior Term Paper

Application of One of Four Individual Theories to wellness Behavior - Term Paper Examplerature study about the mental health disorder among puppyish adults and middle age people it can be suggests that depression and disturbance can be handle and cured if those are identified in early stages. This paper uses the theory of planned behavior to critically analyze the prevalence of mental disorders much(prenominal) as depression and anxiety among young adults and middle aged groups.My selection for the condition, mental health behavior and priority group is particularly based on the circumstance that mental disorders such as depression, stress and anxiety are currently the most harsh puddle of mental health problems among young adults and middle aged individuals and are a leading. For example, depression, problem of anxiety is common among young adults, with nearly 10% of young adults currently suffering from depression and anxiety disorder colligate problems This is attributed to the fact that many young adults and people in their middle ages often undergo a quash of stressful situations related to their career, work, family, religion and economic status (Middle life crisis). Some of the potential specific reasons may includeThe chosen group often experience mental disorders such as depression and anxiety as this is the age people begin to experience changes associated with aging in life and may long to get back the youthfulness they had during adolescent.The Theory of Planned Behavior is one of the four individual theories to health behavior that can effectively be used to explain the high prevalence of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety among young adults and middle aged individuals. According to the theory, an individuals check into over behavior is determined by a number of constructs namelyOften times, an individuals willingness to seek for psychiatric help for a mental disorder like anxiety and depression can, to a great extent, be explained using a series of beliefs and attitudes as Icek Ajzen conceptualizes in the TPB (Buckworth & Buckworth,

Role of Operations Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of feats Management Paper - Essay ExampleHere I will provide a exposit overview of the operations counselling and handling. Here I have chosen the Tata Motors for the overall research and analysis of the unified operations watchfulness.The subject of the operations management spotlights on cautious running the procedures to construct as hearty as allocate services and harvestings. Typically, small industries do not speak regarding area of operations management and its implementation on the other hand they carry out the actions that management schools normally linked through the expression the operations management (McNamara, 2009). Organizations are by and large involved in operational management for the reason that it gives deep insight into how well and competently the activities and operations of an organization to renovate input into serviceable products for the operation of business are working (Fisher College of Business, 2008). This research will provide the deta iled analysis of the TATA MOTORS and its associated operation management. Here I will elaborate the different areas those are executed under this paradigm in a business. This analysis will offer a deep insight into the overall working and operations in operations management.Most important and on the whole tasks of an organization frequently consist of manufacturing goods or production and their distribution. These tasks are as well linked by means of service and product management. However, product management is typically in view to one or additional directly linked goods that is, a manufactured goods line (McNamara, 2009). Operations management is in observation to the entire processes inside the business. Linked tasks and actions apprehend organizing acquiring, record control, excellence control, logistics, storage as well as assessments. A huge deal of ideas is on competence as well as efficiency of procedures. Consequently, operations management frequently comprises considerabl e qualification assessment as well as investigation of interior

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam 3 - Essay ExampleThe population has risen exponentially and the frugality has revolved into an industrial country. The governmental system has been changed into a democratic system that is governed by the people. However, the piazza monoamine oxidase era has been characterized with some of the Mao era leadership tactics. In the West, the universal view is that, in bitchiness of the drastic economic changes, Chinas communist governance has remained unchanged. This essay is a discussion of the political changes and continuities in the post Mao era as compared to the Mao era.In the 1980s, the political atmosphere became restrictive and divided. There was an occasional relief after the Mao regime, but there was a return of the gelid Mao regime repression. The government was divided on political liberalization with some favouring political perimeter and others favouring repression to keep order and stability. In 1986, student unrest became imminent in China. They were advoca ting for improvement of living conditions, racial tensions, company state corruption, and the economic unfairness (Schoppa, 396). Party nepotism had spread over the campuses. They opposed the socialist government under the leadership of Fang Lizhi, a scientist. Police were sent to disrupt the movement of students camped around the city hall. Lizhi was expelled from the party and other liberal intellectuals were asked to resign. The mere opposition of the party led to their expulsion. This indicates the lack of democracy in the post Mao regime. The regime utilized the Mao era tactics to rule. Therefore, this was a continuation of the Mao regime in China.Currently, the post Mao era has been characterized by dissident foeman movements. The movements are collective, organized, evocative and public. The resistance in the Mao era was different, since it was individual and non-public. The movements have led to an increase in pressure to the government, and thusly leading to the release o f most of the

The Making of The Modern World Economy Coursework

The Making of The innovational World Economy - Coursework Example commercialism was revived with the expansion of specialization between its countrysides and towns. Commerce and trade sprung in most parts of Western Europe especially in Venice and the Northern cities. During the sentence of exploration, the navigators discovered new paths to explore Asia and America. Commerce grew in these nations due to the establishment of financial companies and the merging of companies (Pomeranz, 2011). there was also the difference in sear availability between China and Europe. China had plenty of coal deposits which made it a huge potential to the West. During the industrial period, coke and coal were frequently used in the transportation. Coal was used to fire steam engines which turned out to be both cheaper and efficient in terms of use, as compared to charcoal. Even though China had used coal during the Ming and Song period, China afterwards abandoned its use due to the Chinese industry shifting to the South. The shift caused the deposits to be far outside(a) due to the destructions of Jurchen and Mongol. The technological advancements made Europe to succeed in agriculture, trading, fuel and other resources (Pomeranz, 2011).Labor migration from the Chinese led to improved Agricultural systems in Europe. Most of the European land was idle and underdevelopment as compared with the Asiatic counterparts. Instead of Europe engaging in the expensive improvement of soil fertility, it embarked on the labor productivity. thus far due to the increased migration of people to the European nations, it caused food shortages. The problem was easily counteracted through the importation of fertilizers and desire suppressants foods from America (Pomeranz, 2011).Europes success can also be contributed by aggressive belief of the imperialist and the mercantilist policies through which Europe used the military and protective methods to safeguard its industrialists based in China. The leap out of Europe can

N 750 words, discuss and provide support for the evolutionary origins Essay

N 750 words, discuss and provide support for the evolutionary root systems of the following organisms or infirmity HIV,and how or why it spread to humans - Essay Exampleevidence put forward by a new team of researchers suggests that the AIDS pandemic dates back to as early as 1884 and that the computer virus responsible for causing the disease began circulating among humans in the Sub-Saharan African regions between the historic period 1884 and 1924 (National Geographic, 2012). Also, studies indicate that the first instances of this disease were observed among African primates who were detected with a virus close related to the HIV, known as SIV (Simian immunodeficiency virus). The SIVs are known to have been transferred to humans through hunting activities and the breathing in of primate meat by the humans in the African region (Hahn et al., 2000).The study of molecular phylogenies indicates the discordant cross-species transmission of the virus to humans. The exact number of cross-species transfer of this virus is difficult to estimate, however studies have shown that the incidence of HIV among humans is likely to be caused by as many as three such(prenominal) transfers in case of HIV-1 whereas the sub groups M, N and O are likely to be of independent origin (Gao, 1999 Sharp, 2001).The Evolutionary Theory In order for any virus transferred from an animal to affect the human, it is essential for it to conciliate to the new host. This is a rarity, since mostly viruses transferred from animals to humans do not affect the latter. However, this theory posits that if the virus communicate from the animals have had several opportunities to enter the human body, it is highly likely for the said virus to adapt to it and fasten on to the receptors thus affecting the human cells in the process. The same has been observed in case of the SIV virus which is a virus originally found among animals but successfully adapted to the hosts thus mutating into HIV, thus co nverting itself into a human virus (Kirkland, 2010).The Hunter Theory Some researchers believe that the HIV virus is a magnetic variation of the SIV virus commonly found among primates and has been transferred to humans

Family and social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Family and social policy - Essay ExampleThroughout the eighties, they retained the plateau reached in dissociate rates, and more than one-third of the marriages were likely to end in divorce. Focusing on these factors, Gittings (1993) argues that There is no such affaire as the family, and that no single form of the family has ever existed. The impact of these changes has been perceptible for women at both ends of the accouchement years. In both age groups women have become less prone to be living as part of a married couple with children, and more prone to be either a unaccompanied parent, living alone or living as part of a childless couple. There has been a distinct shift for women from the role of spouse to the standing of the household head. Social and economic trends that have seen change magnitude economic activity of women have conveyed these demographic developments. Though, socialists also distinguished eighties for the impact of economic receding and the rise of mass unemployment. These developments had a particular collision on families (mainly lone-parent families) and led to a threefold increase in the numbers of children living in poverty (Martin J, and Roberts C. 1984). In the death of a clear and big model of family policy in Britain, response to demographic and social change has been incremental and sometimes contradictory. The family has progressively become the center of political and public debate and disagreement. Attempts to persuade at times contrary objectives work any involvement in family policy exceedingly intricate.

Music Therapy and Intellectual Development Essay

Music Therapy and Intellectual Development - Essay Example consort to the Canadian Association For Music Therapy (1994), medicine therapy is the use of medical specialty and musical instruments to encourage, uphold and restore mental, emotional, physical, and apparitional wellness. Key object of this text is to demonstrate effectiveness of music therapy in encouraging cognitive, perceptual, social, acquisition, and emotional ripening among children in order to facilitate intellectual development. Appeals to Ethos It is important to start by noting that music therapy is an established health profession which utilizes clinical and evidenced based music intervention to accomplish personalised objectives within a therapeutic intervention. Music therapy can be taken from any place considering that there is no characteristic environment for the therapeutic environment (Green, 1994). It is advisable that before highlighting the needed treatment the qualified music therapist must first assess the strengths and needs of the client in question. Key among the treatment provided by the music therapists include but not limited listening to music, creating, singing, and/or moving to music. It is noteworthy that music therapy has no age restriction (Teppo, 2010). ... Addition onlyy music plays a significant role in promoting a positive state of mind which is important in suppressing psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and stress. Above all music is important for improving learning abilities especially among children with speech, concentration, social and cognitive challenges. By allowing young children to exact in music therapy which in most cases will involve re-creating and listening to music these children may last up improving the intellectual prowess in varied ways particularly those relating to speech, language and cognitive development. Appeals to Pathos It is unfortunate that several students at tender age get to school with various cognitive l anguage, emotional and language problems. Such challenges have always curtailed effective performance of such students in crystalise exercises and general academic exams. Such students with learning disabilities always lag behind their peers with effective intellectual disabilities. strong integration of music in the school curriculum at early childhood will doubtless promote a learning environment that motivate all the children irrespective of their deficiencies wants to engage in learning process. These children who require extra assistance in areas of socialization, motor development, speech and language, self expression, and cognition must be given an opportunity to engage in early childhood music therapy (Barbara & Ray, 2000). This exercise will change such disabled children to improved their intellectual development and hence compete effectively. Appeals to Logos It is common familiarity that a child may not develop intellectually if he/she is experiencing cognitive,

World Religions Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World Religions Report - Essay ExampleThe masters witnesses postulated the non-existence of hell, the non-existence of the Trinity, reduced the sanctum Spirit from a person to a force and believed in the mortality of the soul. Similarly they do non honour Christmas as they do not celebrate holidays or birthdays. According to them Jesus never com pieceded Christians to celebrate his birth. On the other hand, he asked his disciples to memorize or remember his death. Thus, the most important annual take for the Jehovah witness is the commemoration of Jesus death. They also do not believe in the Christian doctrine of Trinity, the concept of the three persons in God- the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. To support its doctrines, the Watchtower organization (which is the author and instructor of all official Jehovahs Witness theology), has even altered the word of honor to make it agree with its changing and non-Christian teachings. The lives of Jehovahs disciples are thus governed b y their understanding of the scripture as interpreted by the Watchtower news and Tract society of New York. For them Jehovah is the Supreme Being and creator of everything and Jesus is only moreover another creation of this supreme entity. Even though they dont believe Jesus to be the son of God, they believe that Jesus death was necessary for the atonement of the sins committed by the first man Adam.They strongly believe in the Word of God and resort to preaching as a study part of their missionary life. Thus, one finds the Jehovah witnesses moving from door to door, house to house preaching to the highest degree Gods kingdom and interpreting the Bible. For them, living by Bible principles gives purpose to life, promotes strong family ties, and develops reproductive and honest citizens. (Jehovahs Witnesses, 2004). Thus, they try to promote Bible education through preaching and the distribution of Bibles and Bible study aids. Until

National Science Foundation and global warming Essay

National Science alkali and spheric thawing - Essay ExampleHence the outcome presented by researchers mentioned by Longley (2006a) indicates that the resulting transfer of light up into the oceans would cause international sea levels to rise another 4 inches from thermal expansion. (Longley, 2006a)In the present scenario where ball-shaped heating is the outcome of extensive fossil fuel emissions, it would be no use to look upon the primary(prenominal) causes of orbicular warming. However, still the onus is on the shoulder of human activities that cause global warming. Central outgo patterns piddle generated such a rapid worldwide deforestation that a majority of the earths rainforests have done for(p) early in the 21st century. However, the outcome is in the form of uncultivable land as global warming has made 53 percent of the worlds land uncultivable, and desertification had encompassed nearly two-fifths of the earths surface by the end of the twentieth century. Oil sli cks on the oceans and the rise in sea level triggered by global warming have endangered more than half the worlds coastal ecosystems. According to a UN Report, yet 60 percent of the worlds community lives within 65 miles of coasts, relying on those habitats for food and economic livelihood. Among many Governmental efforts to reduce global warming is the committee set up by National Research Council (NRC), which analyzed not only the global warming trend and ratio but also evaluated the extent to which warming in many versatile ways may be hazardous to humans. The committee being consisted of el withal top most researchers and frightful prize winners of the U.S after examining concluded that nothing can be done to stop the dilemmatic conditions rising from global warming because of the reason that 21st century human activities are unlike the past centuries when man was not dependant on machines. Global warming, according to Adler is not a serious threat as predictions for prox wa rming are largely based on computer models that are unable to predict even current temperatures accurately. So, how come the world can rely upon such models that predict dangers of greenhouse in the coming(prenominal) Since 1979, the so-called highly accurate satellite measurements taken have remained unsuccessful in finding warming trend. And independent measurements from weather balloons corroborate these readings. So, usually measurement near cities show high temperatures in the global climate. (Adler, 1998)Today humans are based upon technical operated machines and computer models, due to which it would be a misplay to continue thinking of processes to reduce global warming. Global warming would continue to rise as capacious as there is a continuous greenhouse gas emission. (1)Political leaders have ever warned of global warming, as the people they led have never bothered about to increase their emissions of greenhouse gases. One very large problem in greenhouse effect refe rs to the climate

ECommerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

ECommerce - Essay ExampleBrown Limited. In preparing the strategic plan, the following activities have been carried out identifying and prioritizing problems, evaluating possible solutions, discussing selected technologies, considering security issues and their solutions, and estimating budget.Failure of project managers to deliver the projects on cartridge clip can be damaging for a play along. This can lead to a gradual destruction of companys brand image even worst, it can result in the slow death of a company.E-commerce website design has evolved considerably in few recent years with the incorporation of new business forges which in the main focuses on parsimonys, revenues, and customer relationships. A recent study (Wen, Chen & Hwang, 2001) has highlighted two broad design strategies for e-commerce websitesInformational/ communicative strategy can be applied to websites that are meant to support business activities, rather than replacing them. In other words, this design st rategy is used for Web marketing. The important point to none is that this strategy does not support online-transactions.Furthermore, it has been found (Wen, Chen & Hwang, 2001) that there are existing twelve (12) e-commerce website design models based on two design strategies. Discussed below, the first four models are based on informational/communicational strategy duration the rest are based on online/transactional strategyBrand awareness and image building model provides detail and rational information about the company and its offerings. This model is best to indicate companys edge over its competitors to current and prospective customers. Example websites for this model are Ford (www.ford.com) and Reebok (www.reebok.com).Cost saving model provides cost-effective and productivity savings. Cost-savings can be achieved through reduction in brochure printing, dispersal costs and order-taking as customers use fill-out forms online. On the other hand, productivity

Copyright Essay Example for Free

Copyright examineA Copyright it the sole privilege of the owner to reproduce or allow someone else to duplicate their feed. Items that can be procureed are anything that one creates including but not limited to literary work such as articles, stories and even computer programs. Along with any graphics, pictures, music, song lyrics, screenplays and movies can also be copyrighted by their owner or creator. If there is a question if something is copyrighted it more than in all likelihood is copyrighted and you will need permission to affair it if not that is considered copyright infringement which is wrong and penal by law. Something as simple as printing a wind vane page, downloading a picture, printing and range even copy the HTML, JavaScript is considered infringement and against the law. If you chose to copy code from a Web site you must face the original author respect by properly citing the material and following necessary steps. You do so by asking for permission t o use their material. To use text or an image from a Web site you just need to contact the owner and explain what you would like to use the text or image for and then ask to use it.No matter if an image or text does not have a copyright notice or not it is still covered by the copyright laws, (J Kyrnin 2012) It is important to protect your own images and text as well. To protect your images and text create a copyright notice for you Web site. Images can have waterlines among different copyright details using a crotchety software program. Companies such as Digimarc have created a technology that enables you to watermark images and the back ground for text.The watermark cannot be adjusted or changed by the user of the image or text. Even though browsers all for the copying of information it is important to never use another person works without notifying them and receiving their consent to use their material. It is crucial that you ask for the permission to use anything created by s omeone else on the Web and that you properly adduce your sources for the information.

Do Video Games Promote Violence Essay Example for Free

Do Video Games Promote Violence EssayThere is very much hype surrounding the launch of every new gamy system including Game Cube, XBox, Playstation 3 and every of their handheld portable equivalents. Affecting all sorts of multitude from children as young as age 4 all the way to 45 year-old adults, these video games have called for concern in our society regarding issues such as addiction, depression, and regular(a) aggression related to the playing of video games. A recent need of children in their early teens found that almost a third played video games daily, and that 7% played for at least 30 hours a week. What is more, some of these games being played corresponding Mortal Combat, Marvel Vs. Capcom, and Doom are very interactive in the fury of slaughtering the opponent. The video game industries even out put signs like Real-life violence and Violence level not recommended for children under age of 12 on their box covers, arcade fronts, and even on the game CDs th emselves. According to the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia, the Truth in Video Game Rating Act (S. 3935) was introduced by Senator Sam Brownback on September 27, 2006.The act required that the Entertainment Software Rating Board, known as the ESRB for short, have access to the full content of and hands-on time with the games it was to rate, rather than simply relying on the video demonstrations submitted by developers and publishers. 1 The bill makes no considerations for modifications or mods for short, total conversions, user generated content, procedurally generated content, unuse disc space, blocked/ change out portions of code, musician behavior in online games, and various other factors out of the control of the developers (such as how the player decides to play the unsaid game).This bill was unacted upon during its original academic term and was reintroduced by Senator Brownback on February 14 2007 under the selfsame(prenominal) title the Truth in Video Game Rating Act with a new session number (S. 568). As of March 2007, S. 568 remains in the Senate Committee. 2 In the game Goldeneye 007 bad guys who used to disappear in a cloud of smoke when killed no longer do so. Instead they make an elaborate maneuver when killed. For example, those hypothesis in the neck fall to their knees and then face while clutching at their throats.Other games such as Un accepted Tournament and Half-Life are gorier. In these games when characters get shot a large spray of blood covers the walls and floor near the character, and on the occasions when explosives are used, the characters discontinue into small but recognizable body parts. In spite of the violence, the idle video games are besides the more popular games on the market. (2) When video games first came out, indeed they were addictive owever, there seems to be a strong correlation now between the violent nature of games these days and the aggressive tendencies in game players.On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold launched an assault on Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, murdering 13 and wounding 23 before turning the guns on themselves. Although nothing is for certain as to why these boys did what they did, we do know that Harris and Klebold two enjoyed playing the bloody, shoot-em-up video game Doom, a game licensed by the U.S. military to train soldiers to effectively kill. The Simon Wiesenthal Center, which tracks Internet hate assorts, found in its archives a copy of Harris web site with a version of Doom. He had customized it so that there were two shooters, each with extra weapons and unlimited ammunition, and the other people in the game could not fight back. For a class project, Harris and Klebold made a videotape that was quasi(prenominal) to their customized version of Doom.In the video, Harris and Klebold were dressed in trench coats, carried guns, and killed school athletes. They acted out their videotaped performance in real life less than a year la ter (3) Everyone deals with stress and thwartings differently. However when action is taken upon the frustration and stress, and the action is taken out in anger and aggression, the results may be very harmful to both the aggressor and the person being aggressed against, mentally, emotionally, and even fleshlyly.Aggression is action, i. e. attacking mortal or a group with an intent to harm someone. It can be a verbal attackinsults, threats, sarcasm, or attributing nasty motives to themor a physical punishment or restriction. Direct behavioral signs include being overly critical, fault finding, name-calling, accusing someone of having immoral or despicable traits or motives, nagging, whining, sarcasm, prejudice, and/or flashes of temper. The crime and abuse rate in the unify States has soared in the past decade.More and more children suffer from and are being treated for anger perplexity than ever before. Now, one cant help but to wonder if these violent video games are even pla ying a slight part in the current statistics. Playing violent video games like Doom, Wolfenstein 3D or Mortal Kombat can increase a persons aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior both in laboratory settings and in actual life, according to two studies appearing in the April issue of the American psychological Associations (APA) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.Furthermore, violent video games may be more harmful than violent television and movies because they are interactive, very engrossing and require the player to identify with the aggressor, say the researchers. One study reveals that young men who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effect of repeated picture to violent games, said psychologists Craig A. Anderson, Ph. D. , and Karen E. Dill, Ph. D. The other study reveals that even a brief exposure to violent video games can temporarily increase aggressive behavior in all types of participants.

Technological developments Essay Example for Free

Technological developments EssayFoot glob boots are light weight and are made of much(prenominal) materials as kangaroo leather. Most top level pretenders tolerate sock-liners which fit with the contours of foot to pop the question extra pouffe and strategically-placed traction blades provide maximum grip. Football boots dish up with a player grip, acceleration and turning ability. Footballs hold up had technological advancements such as having air retention system, creation laid-back density and having a high abrasion surface which provides extra durability.The match balls played with in the premiership is precision engineered to exact standards to ensure that it is produced to deep down 3g of its ideal weight and to an exact circumference of 68. 5cm. The benefits of the newer footballs are the increased swerve that the ball offers and a fail accuracy of passing. Gloves The latest pair of reusch goalie gloves helps to prevent injury to the goalies hands through reu sch Ortho-Tec glove which provides security measures for vulnerable areas of the hand. The gloves upper hand is reinforced in a bearing that the fingers including the thumb are prepare against forces occurring during a balls impact.The system not only prevents injuries, it is also suitable to disburden and protect an injury already sustained. Gloves lose also been adapted to divergent weather conditions as well gloves are made from voiced latex foam with excellent properties for use in various weather conditions. Goalie gloves benefit the goalie by mainly by providing extra grip and power. Shirts The material design of footballs shirts have improved to provide better comfort. The new Manchester United kit incorporates Nikes new dri-fit technology. Dri wit wicks sweat a trend so that the player stays dry and comfortable.It also has strategically placed mesh panels that promote air cooling where heat energy is most generated. Facility design features and benefits Retractable roof The millennium stadium in Cardiff has a retractile roof which means that the roof plunder be closed if the weather forecast predicts heavy rain. This benefits the endorse itself and the fans. It saves the fans from getting soaked and it saves the players having to slosh around in mud. Mostly cup finals are played at the Millennium stadium and the fans wish the game to be viewed on a nice good to substantial ground not a wet one.Undersoil heating Is valuable asset and a essential for all big football clubs. It washbowl allow a team to play or string on a pitch that the weather would otherwise have made unusable or it can generally softtimes up the ground for selecting purposes. Astroturf pitches For training purposes Astroturf is of benefit to players because Astroturf is all weather, meaning that when the players ineffectual to play on their training pitch die to water logging they can go and train on the Astroturf pitch instead. Video Analysis Andy Gray is probably the most renowned broadcast psychoanalyst in the football industry.He has a 30 minute slot after most have sex sky matches in which he practically dissects the game explaining the reasons goals were score and analysing player performance. Racquets Tennis has changed drastically since the vast investment in technological advancements the main one being the racquets. They now look completely divers(prenominal) to those of 20 years ago, they are now lighter, and have larger faces and shorter shafts. This has created a larger sweet vilification and has encouraged players to increase their power.By increasing power to a phenomenal level the game is often much shorter as the serve can kill a game off. This is mainly because the way in which the rackets have been made. This has made lawn tennis players adjust everything about their game, from positioning, this is now further back for the serve, to both-handed way out to try and increase power. The player now trains more(prenominal ) on power taild activity help technique. Trainers Tennis shoes have changed greatly over the years. Reebok have recently developed the DMX technology.This is a repair that claims to reduce the stress on the legs and heels when running it does this by shifting the force of the impact across a wider area on the foot. This material is also light and so is easy to run in and can help to improve performance. Another company big among tennis players is New Balance who also have their own suspension system. This consists of various different parts of a sole that all work unitedly to reduce the impact on the foot as well as stability in the way that it reduces rolling of the foot as well as over pronation.New Balance also have a brand, called Abzorb SBS, it has been developed so that when impact with the ground has been made the technology displaces the energy over the substantial foot. Asics developed gel technology in their trainers nearly 20 years ago and it is still in their trai ners today, the silicon gel attenuates the shock made on impact and works in conjunction with the askance rear foot flex grooves within the sole to improve comfort. Tennis Balls There are different types of tennis balls depending on what surface the game is played on.Some balls are designed for hardcourt and grass, while others are designed for clay courts. The ball can set out by about 1/8 of an edge in size and 1/16th of an ounce in weight. Its rebound height can vary almost 10%. The stiffness, defined by the deformation under pressure, can vary over 5%. The benefits of the different types of tennis balls are that a player can choose a set of tennis balls depending on his style of play or the type of court he is playing on. Shirts Top players such as Raphael Nadal are sponsored to wear Nikes dri-fit range of shirts.This shirt has all the benefits that I described earlier regarding those in football who dri-fit. Other benefits of the shirts are that they have the seams sewn fl at to eliminate chafing. Facility design features and benefits degraded Dry Courts Whats new is that todays courts are being watered from underneath. This changes a lot of things, not the least of which is the way fast dry courts play. The benefit of the fast dry court is that it allows players to play when they would otherwise not be able to. These types of dry court surfaces dont get saturated with water and water is not allowed to seep into the base material.Cyclops Cyclops technology helps tennis umpires by emitting a loud beep when a ball lands outside the service area. This helps the umpire with important decisions that could decide big matches such as Wimbledon or the Davis cup. Hawkeye Hawkeye is being tested at the moment before being utilize in all 4 majors. It has been used in the Australian open where it helps the umpire to make line calls. The benefits to tennis is that if accurate hawkeye will crumble us a fair tennis result there will be no more John McEnroes I dont believe it just a fair accurate result.PRM PRM has been developed by IBM to help the players and coaches plan their tactics for the tournament. Vital match data is gathered by courtside experts and fed instantly via all-powerful IBM servers to coaches and players in formats suited to their specific needs. With this data to hand, they can iron out their game, or use it to let weaknesses in their next opponents, which makes for better games. Compare the benefits of technological developments on equipment and facility design in two contrasting sports

Nobel prize Essay Example for Free

Nobel prize EssayThe study of economic science is a science. And exchangeable all sciences, it is firmly based upon the scientific method. It is distinguished to remember this concept in the theme as it would be discussing implications of a paradigm shift in economics towards new schools of thought and applications of various methodologies. Economics, cosmos a science, through trial and error and the application of the said scientific method, has evolved over the years since its buffer inception and has take down garnered a certain place in the Nobel prize awards. Also, since the original conceptions of the early theories of economics which go through been formulated by Smith, Ricardo, and Marshall, economics has come a long way and has integrated umpteen an(prenominal) discussions that belonged originally to other related compensates and fields and employed its use under its own wing. However, as many have pointed out and as is becoming evident especially in todays groundbreaking age of pecuniary crisis and market crashes, the science and discipline needs a new paradigm shift with respect to its application, instinct, and eventide methodological processes.Recently, BusinessWeek has published a story regarding the authentic failure of economists to not only predict the legitimate financial crisis in the United States and the global economy, but also were not able to solve these issues utilise existing tools in economics. The disciplined then faces the question of whether or not economics needs a new paradigm shift. The objective of this paper is to explain, through abbreviation and understanding the staple frameworks of economics and how they work, why economics does not need a paradigm shift.In order to do this, the paper would be approaching the problem by understanding modern microeconomic and macro economic system. It would also be the objective of this paper to understand the various anomalies on why such recent commentary has been make on the science and what argon the probable ways in order to integrate such anomalies into the discipline in modern times.Towards the end of this paper, it is the hope that the reader is convinced that the science does not need a paradigm shift but rather merely needs to integrate such new problems into the current paradigm and framework in approaching the discipline and the problems that it tries to address. From the realm and point of view of microeconomics, there are various essential founding concepts that eventually launch into the more complicated discussions under microeconomics. Recent stinger edge microeconomic studies focus on game possibleness, simultaneous equilibria methods for consumers and arrive atrs, and even quantification of human behavior.In fact, if the paper was to summarize all recent activity under the academic wing and discussion of microeconomics, it would fill volumes and volumes of pages. However, what is important for the reader to realize is tha t even the most complicated microeconomic theories involving long mathematical equations and difficult hyaloplasm solutions are basically captured and can be derived from its founding theories such as improvement maximization, the theory of consumer behavior, and understanding of perfect markets.Again, however, many have commented that the basic precepts that revolve around these founding microeconomic theories eventually produce anomalies that might as well create a new paradigm for approaching economic analysis because such founding theories do not actually reflect in the real world. Let us first take for example the discussions of utility maximization. The demand and supply framework which is the basic foundation of economics could be further distilled to understanding utility theory and the way consumers and producers are able to meet in the market by maximizing the levels of their happiness.In utility theory, there is the marginal utility curve which is a locus of points comp aring the trade-off advantages and disadvantages between two goods any given set up. The tangency of this utility curve with a budget line of consumers eventually dictate areas which they choose to consume. Basically, standard utility theory in economics has the underlying principle and essential nature of perfect consumer rationality and consumer choice.Recently, however, social scientists, and even economists in some schools of thought, have pointed out that consumers are far from rational and could not conceivably fix a perfect utility curve that becomes the basic foundation for microeconomics. As such anomaly and arguments have pointed out, studies have reflected that consumers in the real world do not reflect perfect rationality because of the softness of human beings to perfectly compute various opportunity cost trade-offs simultaneously considering other variables.Furthermore, critics of utility theory have pointed out that the assumption of all things held constant that is ever so important in constructing basic microeconomic consumer choice is not actually applicable in real world situations. Therefore, as these detractors of modern economic theory point out, there must be a paradigm shift in the discipline.

One Persons Free

virtuoso and only(a) Persons granting immunity Fighter Is An some other Persons Terrorist EssayIntroduction The dreadist attacks in America pee-pee since publicized controversial attitudes in understanding and defining terrorism. There is a misconception of terrorism as it was only in touruality brought to light after state of warfareds the attacks in America on 11 phratry 2001 (Best Nocella, 2004) this has guided m some(prenominal) to assume that terrorism arose in light of the 11 September attacks, when actually terrorism did not begin in 2001 nor is it restricted to extremists in the Middle East. Here is where much of the difficulty lies in defining terrorism thus the now illustrious quotation, 1 persons terrorist is another persons immunity admirer. This essay leave alone look at both the way this phrase can be beneficial and inversely wee issues in the accusative to define terrorism. It is app atomic number 18nt that there be objective distinctions that can b e do that separate the true terrorist from the true license scrapper. Regardless of derogatory labels or national political political theory these distinctions do exist. Therefore the aim of this essay get out be to critically understand the notion that One persons terrorist is another persons exemption scrapper through examining tether experiential differences that can help to draw a theoretical line amid a granting immunity budgeer and a terrorist.They lie first in tactical theory second, in sources for motivation and third, in the discrepancies of the justifications for the actions of each. It is these ternion distinctions in crease to the quotes implied similarities that leave assist in achieving an accurate definition of terrorism. To examine the wider processes involving the application of the terrorist label, the Cuban Revolutions major figure Ernesto Che Guevara im furcate be used as a framework and a practical source to refer to as the essay unravels the appl ication of a terrorist label in relation to the abovementioned phrase.This somewhat superficial phrase can be useful as it provokes that the motives and the methods used may be separ adequate to(p). Terrorism is merely a phrase. It is tactical choices in which those who chose to employ terror can ideally do so in achieving any cause they desire (Caplan, 2006 pg. 92). Consequently it is and then possible for any plurality who are validating themselves as fighting granting immunity from an unjust post to make the choice to use terrorism as a tactical choice in achieving their terminus. secondly the phrase advocates that defining terrorism can become a moral issue. The definition depends wholly on the subjective outlook of the efiner. The terrorist label The struggle in defining the terrorist has been apparent throughout history. Scharf (2001) has also make this discovery as he states that the problem of defining terrorism has vexed the international community for years. concept ual issues are not the only problem in defining terrorism. Labelling actions as terrorism promotes condemnation of the actors a definition may indeed reflect ideological or political bias (Silke, 1998). Silke (1998) goes on to suggest that a misleading trend is a dissolver of attribution bias and that it has done nothing other than taint terrorism with a pathology aura.Many of the terrorist labels that father been employed over the years are based on community and individual perceptions creating a subjective definition (Jenkin, 2006 Pg. 3). Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, the use of the al-Quran terrorism or terrorist has become an offensive label (Ganor, 2002). These labels may lead to kick upstairs implications for how countries, populations and individuals define terrorism (DeAngelis, 2009). The psychology of terrorism is marked more by theory and opinion as opposed to scientific research.Assisting in DeAngelis findings are many articles implying that many of the in dividuals who engage in terrorist activity bequeath contest that they are terrorists but rather freedom fighters (Schwartz, Dunkel, Waterman, 2009 Whiteley, 2010). This tethering in with the now famous phrase One persons terrorist is another persons freedom fighter. Before labelling an individual or group of people terrorists or freedom fighters it is heavy to take into consideration the three differences as apposed to the similarities that the quotation implies 1. Tactical ChoiceThe first of the three differences is the tactical theory used. The terrorist will employ tactics in set up to target civilians (Tavares, 2003 pg. 13). It is however rare for fair to middling civilians to be targeted in order to have any form of physical impact on the states resources. The usual aim becomes to separate the greater part of society from its incumbent governing through the use of fear. Crenshaw (1981, pg 386) suggests that this is utilised to weaken the violences of authorities that on the contrary result in the terrorist group to be perceived as more military forceful.The goal of the terrorists tactics becomes less concrete as they believe that a relatively wee attack will result in the overall political goals of their group to be identified. In contrast Ganor (2006) states that freedom fighters do not target civilians however focus their target on armed forces. Their objective then becomes to diminish the militaries resources to the point where the balance of hard power in particular area, switchs into ones own prefer leading to the concrete goal of an enemies surrender and capitulation to ones demands (Ganor, 2006). . Sources for Motivation It is stated by most theories that terrorists are motivated by more than just exclusively political goals (Whiteley, 2010). Freedom fighters are motivated by what is encom head for the hillsed in their name i. e. their quest for liberty on the other hand terrorists are grounded on a less concrete foundation ranging from a variety of goals, that are not all rationally political. certain personal goals seem to either misunderstand or directly conflict with the aim of achieving freedom.Jenkins (1983) states that the ultimate terrorist goal is to pressure in furtherance of an otherwise legitimate political goal rather than just to terrorise just give care when a nation state re mannikins to war to achieve political goals when diplomacy fails. Jenkins raises a point in relation to the inspiration of terrorist behaviour, stating that learned ideological values are antecedents to terrorist behaviour, not constitution defects.The differences in the motivations between a freedom fighter and terrorist are often grounds where the terrorist myths are created. Terrorists shrive their actions through exaggerations that therefore result in an inaccurate perception of the world in order to liberate their terrorist tactics. The terrorist myth seeks to prove that those who witness terrorism have a misconcepti on of both the world around them and themselves, therefore needing a wake up call, that of course is in the form of a terrorist attack.This justification will ultimately be to their benefit (Moghaddam , 2006, Pg. 85). This myth is projected to validate what the functions of terrorism are, these include showing that authorities are impotent, to create a sense of instability in society and to assert the existence of a terrorists power. The goals of a terrorist all the way show that they are less politically focused and more personal consequently representing less of a fight for freedom and more of a fight to be renown for their power (Whiteley, 2010).In summary of the two abovementioned areas of distinction between a terrorist and a freedom fighter Senator capital of Mississippi was quoted by Benyamin Netanyahus (1985, pg 18) as stating The idea that one persons terrorist is anothers freedom fighter cannot be sanctioned. Freedom fighters or revolutionaries dont blow up buses containi ng noncombatants terrorist murderers do. Freedom fighters dont set out to capture and slaughter schoolchildren terrorist murderers do . . . It is a disgrace that democracies would allow the treasured word freedom to be associated with acts of terrorists. 3. Justification vs. Legitimacy? Many sources suggest that perception is the main influence and usually the main issue when it comes to defining terrorism (Sorel, 2003 Gibbs, 1989 Jenkin, 2006). Therefore validation of the actions of both a freedom fighter and a terrorist cannot evolve around general society and how they interpret terrorism to be. Perception becomes a material issue in determining the legitimacy of the justifications for the actions of both a freedom fighter and a terrorist (Jenkin, 2006).For usage a state which is under attack will most likely define the attacks as son of a bitch and a form of terrorist activity conversely those who are attacking the state will define their actions as justified. The differen ce between the true terrorist and the true freedom fighter appear to pivot around the perceived legitimacy of the motives of each. This social perception of the alleged legitimacy plays a large role on lineage a neutral definition. This becomes difficult due to the aforementioned terrorist label as being pejorative, with the term freedom fighter having positive connotations.The difference in terms between terrorists and freedom fighters seems in many ship canal to hinge upon the perceived legitimacy of the motives of each. As previously stated, the term terrorist is usually pejorative, while the term freedom fighter often has positive connotations. It is therefore difficult to derive a neutral definition of legitimacy it remains a social product (Wardlaw, 1989). Many terrorist schemes only recruit a small meter of discontented individuals who carry them this is done through the prolonged influence of norms.There is a steady shift of certain individuals who are separated from soc iety to an accepted morality of terrorism (Moghaddam, 2006). He goes on to suggests that the support networks utilised by terrorist groups are also discontented, however nearly never consist of sizeable groups of people willing to conduct the terror tactics themselves. Nevertheless it is weighty to consider that the means of moral and logistic support for individuals like Osama bin Laden has differed significantly from the support for someone like Che Guevara (Whiteley, 2010).Guevara was successful and like other revolutionaries often rallied a large number people relatively quickly, openly and most important effectively. It is therefore credible to state that there is a far wider support base for individuals who are freedom fighters. This is plain through the social product of legitimacy given to them by their supporters. Whiteley (2010) goes on to state that terrorists execute to find themselves in minorities because of the small amount of legitimacy rewarded to them or their c ause from other citizens.This perspective is back up by the abovementioned self-interested motives of terrorist and the liberation-seeking motives of freedom fighters. Legitimacy can therefore be summed up by the amount of sure local support given to a particular group (Whiteley, 2010) consequently true freedom fighters that have legitimate reasons for their existence can recruit members easily while terrorists goals lack legitimacy and consequently result in the recruitment of fewer members. Ernesto Che Guevara Historical ContextErnesto Che Guevara was born into a middle class family in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, Argentina on June 14, 1928. He was a Marxist and left Argentina in advanced 1953 to take part in a commie revolt in Guatemala. Che was an idealist believing that everyone should be equal and have the same opportunities. Che joined Fidel Castros 26 July movement where guerrilla troops were sailed to Cuba. Landing on 2 December 1956, they were focused on overthrowing Fu lgenico Batistas government. In July 1957, Che was assigned command for more than half of Fidel Castros forces as commandant.He led against government forces in the province of Las Villas while growing hatred for Batistas government that grew in size and gained support rapidly. Che sealed victory for Castros forces in December 1958 becoming Castros most trusted consultant leading the international revolution. She soon became the Cuban minister for agriculture writing a book in 1960 called Guerrilla Warfare to bring about communism throughout the world. Che resigned his posed in Cuba in 1965 and traveled to Africa as well as many other places in order to organise more communist revolts.In 1966 Che surfaced Bolivia where his movement did not grow much support. His movement came to an end on 7 October 1967 when his surviving group members and he were captured and two days later on 9 October 1967 were penalise by a Bolivian fighting squad whom were apparently acting on behalf of the CIA whom were training the Bolivian Army (Guevara, 1985). Che Guevara Terrorist or Freedom Fighter After examining the notion of the phrase One persons terrorist is another persons freedom fighter.It has become evident that although the phrase implies that there are similarities between a terrorist and a freedom fighter, it can be reason that there are many aspects that differentiate the true freedom fighter from the true terrorist. In order to successfully eject the examination of this notion it is required that a conflict within a terrorist organisation be examined. The debate as to whether Che was a terrorist or a freedom fighter arises. Che came to be one of Latin Americas most feared and most famous professional revolutionary (Gall, 1998).Ches investigation of capitalism, imperialism and socialism and his precise tactical position on guerrilla warfare were concurrent to his views of ethics and political practice. His thoughts were concerned with the revolutionary organizatio ns to oppressed individuals, the affiliation between political agency and objective conditions, the interrelation between revolution and imperialism and the link between personal values and revolutionary action. The suspense raised is whether Che adopted any terrorist characteristics in his apparent fight for freedom.Yes, through this essay there has been an establishment that a terrorist differs to a freedom fighter however the question arises as to whether it is that easy to differentiate the two when they are applied to an icon from the past. Ches tactical choice was not to target innocent civilians but to build and attack a government that promoted in-equality (Guevara, 1985). Although Che and his supporters killed many, there has not been any academic documentation to suggest that he killed innocent civilians.Anderson (1997) made the following discovery I have yet to find a single credible source pointing to a case where Che executed an innocent. Those persons executed by Guev ara or on his orders were condemned for the usual crimes punishable by death at times of war or in its aftermath desertion, treason or crimes such as rape, torture or murder. I should add that my research spanned five years, and included anti-Castro Cubans among the Cuban-American exile community in Miami and elsewhere. Che depicted himself as a guerilla fighter and defined a guerilla fighter in his book as . . . must(prenominal) have a moral conduct that shows him to be a true priest of the reform to which he aspires. To the stoicism imposed by the difficult conditions of warfare should be added an austerity born of rigid self-abnegation that will prevent a single excess, a single slip, whatever the circumstances. The guerrilla soldier should be an ascetic. The peasant must always be helped technically, economically, morally, and culturally. The guerrilla fighter will be a sort of guiding angel who has fallen into the zone, helping the poor always and bothering the rich as little as possible in the first phases of the war.But this war will continue on its course contradictions will continuously become sharper the moment will arrive when many of those who regarded the revolution with certain charity at the outset will place themselves in a position diametrically opposed and they will take the first step into battle against the popular forces. At that moment the guerrilla fighter should act to make himself the standard-bearer of the peoples cause, punishing every betrayal with justice. Private property should acquire in the war zones its social function.For example, excess land and livestock not essential for the maintenance of a wealthy family should pass into the hands of the people and be distributed equitably and justly. (Guevara, 1985) Furthermore, the question of whether Guevaras sources of motivation were of a terrorist kind comes to light. Che was on a quest for freedom and equality. Presently Ches legacy has lived on and people do not remember him for the power he sought to have but for the goal he strived to achieve Some view Che Guevara as a hero for example, Nelson Mandela referred to him as an inspiration for every human being who loves freedom while jean Paul Sarte described him as not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age. This was equality and freedom for those who were less fortunate (Compton, 2009) Like a freedom fighter, Che was able to recruit a great deal of support for his movement as he possessed qualities of a true leader. Many perceive Che to have been a great man who has credibility. Because Che was believable, people would in round believe him.This is because there was a consistency between which Che was and what Che said (Safty, 2002 pg. 112). Despite all the supporting render to suggest that Che was a freedom fighter, many do believe that he was a terrorist. Some who were part of the opposing side, who were part of Batsias movement, would have felt that Ches actions we re of a terrorist kind. It is important to note however that although Che was a freedom fighter and not a terrorist some people perceived he to be one as their perception was defined differently and they believed that the actions Che was engaging in were of a terrorist kind.Conclusion Ultimately there is a definitive difference between a terrorist and a freedom fighter. It cannot be implied that one persons terrorist is another persons freedom fighter. Many philosophers have concluded that terrorist do not have any right to be assort within a freedom fighting definition. The means of a terrorist do not justify the ends. The abovementioned three distinctions between a terrorist and a freedom fighter outlined in the first paragraph clearly show that the two are completely disparate.

Nuclear materials trafficking Essay Example for Free

atomic materials trafficking Essaythreatism acts begin of late been on the go on in the world a trend which is attributed to the highschool rates of atomic material trafficking along the borders of different countries. Nuclear weapons argon the major tools apply by terrorist which flummox make the issue of nuclear material trafficking become a major concern of the United States presidency particularly after the September 11 attack of the world trade centre. Nuclear curse was to a fault a major concern to the United States during the term of cold war. The subsequent Soviet Union collapse increase threats of terrorism attacks to the United States do the verdant intensify its measures of ensuring that terrorists did not suck in access to nuclear materials which could be used for creation of nuclear weapons. Ever since the era of cold war, United States as headspring as opposite countries has put measures to make sure nuclear materials trafficking is concentrated an d then ensuring the security of the nations as closely as the citizens (Williams Vlassis, 2001). Nuclear materials traffickingNuclear materials trafficking refer to the illegal sale of materials used for making nuclear weapons. The trafficking of these materials is ordinarily carried erupt though the borders of a country through highly concealed means that at propagation pass completely the tests which may be in place in a countrys border. In some instances, cross border nuclear materials trafficking may be aided by citizens of a country and/ or people working in the migration departments. Due to sophistication in technology macrocosm used by terrorists, it has become very difficult to detect some of the nuclear materials world trafficked to a country.This has necessitated implementation of tough and advanced measures to detect nuclear materials. In the United States, the forensic department is the ace which deals with analysis of and research on nuclear materials thus mak ing their detection easier. While analyzing nuclear materials in the laboratories of the forensic department, both the chemical and physical characteristic of the materials argon analyzed so as to fetch tot on the wholey the possible clues of nuclear composition in different compounds.Also, environmental links ar similarly analyzed for the purposes of tracing the place of origin which may help in determining how such products were illegitimated (Cameron, 1999). Nuclear materials are widely categorized into three basic groups which include the SNM an acronym for special nuclear material, reactor burn and lastly those from commercial radioactive origins or sources. The special nuclear materials contains the basic materials which are used for making nuclear weapons which include the highly enriched uranium commonly referred to as HEU and plutonium.The reactor fuels on the other consider include LEU-low enriched uranium, grade plutonium of mixed oxide and to a fault grade pluto nium of reactor and fuel. The mixed oxide commonly abbreviated as MOX is a combination of uranium oxides which are depleted and plutonium. It is usually used as a substitute for low enriched uranium. Commercial radioactive origins or sources of nuclear materials are meant for medical diagnostics, fare irradiators, thermoelectric generators and equipments for radiography (LAnnunziata, El Baradei Burkart, 2003).Special nuclear materials are usually targeted and used by terrorists since when they are in plenty, no uranium enrichment or plutonium acquisition is infallible. This makes these materials the most highly trafficked around the world. nuclear reactor fuels unlike the special nuclear materials deposenot be used to directly build or create nuclear devices. However, they are more(prenominal) commonly available particularly because they are found in almost all parts of the world.Reactor fuels in conjunction with some of the radioactive materials end be used in the shape of dirty bombs as easily as devices for radiological dispersals. Terrorists are the major traffickers of these nuclear materials and likewise some countries which support terrorism activities. Nuclear materials trafficking possess been on the rise for the past ten geezerhood posing a great threat to the security of the United States and the world in general. Iran for example was believed to manufacture nuclear weapons which made America go to war with this country.Nuclear weapons are dangerous as they can result to skunk destruction (Cameron, 1999). Cases of nuclear materials trafficking and the response of the world(prenominal) crook bodies correspond to the multinational criminal law, illicit nuclear materials trafficking as healthful as trafficking of other radioactive materials are categorized as one crime unlike in many countries where such crimes are separated. The global criminal laws take a shit different treaties which a local prosecutor can use against a person im plicated in nuclear materials trafficking.However, most of the treaties used against a suspected nuclear materials trafficker can only be enforced if this trafficking is linked to intended acts of nuclear terrorism. These laws contrast sharply with the United Nations laws which states that a person can be sanctioned if he or she is a threat to the security and international peace. Usually, the trafficked nuclear materials are sold in nuclear black markets (Hossain Shahidullah, 2008).One of the major shells which has been brought to light is the one which occurred in tabun in the year 2007 involving a Russian citizen by the name of Oleg Khintsagov who was sentenced for a chink term of 8years after being in possession of 100 grams of highly enriched uranium in the republic of Georgia at a local black market. Oleg was detained for a period of one year before being sentenced. According to the report which was issued step forward from Georgia, Oleg confessed that he had faith that t he uranium could received by a extremist Moslem group.He also claimed that he had large quantities of the highly enriched uranium which he said was kept someplace in his apartment located at Vladikavkaz city, north Ossentia. An approximated 25 kilograms of this product which Oleg was in possession is required to manufacture of nuclear weapon. This estimate is according to the international atomic agency. By the fact that Khintsagov was a Russian and trading at Georgia as well as south Ossetia, this amounted to an international brass thus raising international concern.However, by the time Oleg was being sentenced, the authorities in Georgia as well as those who were supporting the republic of Georgia had not get toed the origin of the materials. The international criminal judge bodies have set in to try and locate the origin of the materials in the quest of establishing how such clear nuclear materials could have been supported by Oleg in such great quantities of more than 3 k ilograms (Williams Vlassis, 2001). Another slip which attracted international charge was the illegal sale of nuclear technology of Pakistan to Libya and Iran.Pakistan was the source of nuclear materials, weapons as well as technology which were designed in Iran, Libya and North Korea. This revelation has sparked different and troubling reactions in the international community especially the United States. This exchange of nuclear weapon manufacturing technology has contributed greatly to the increase in nuclear weapon manufacture in the world thus posing a greater threat of manufacture of mass destruction weapons. This ahs raised great concern in the international community as the security of the world is threatened and acts of terrorism have accelerated.In response to this discovery, the international community started carrying out investigation to establish the countrys role in this transfer of technology from Pakistan to the other countries. scorn the fact that these activiti es were carried long time ago and only came to light on the year 2003, Pakistan may baptismal font Charybdis situation and a classic Scylla which could be prompted by any foreknowledge by the past and the indue governments concerning the above proliferation activities (Williams, 1989). An analysis of how international criminal bodies are tackling the above two cases of nuclear materials smuggling or traffickingThe case in the republic of Georgia as well as the case of Pakistan mentioned above have attracted and increased international concerns on the ease by which an individual can acquire nuclear materials illegally. This has also raised the question of the measures and ability of the governments to chequer that nuclear materials as well as radioactive sources are well reticent and secured. The main task of the international criminal system since the revelation of the proliferation activities by Pakistan is to establish whether Pakistan was aware of such activities or not.Inves tigations were immediately launched to determine whether the countries which obtained this technology and nuclear materials were making or manufacturing mass destruction weapon (Angelo, 2004). After the 2003 revelations about nuclear weapon proliferation in Pakistan, the international criminal nicety system apart from embarking on investigation, it formulated impertinently policies to ensure that such actions were not repeated in the future by other countries. This policy was also meant to create avenues to deal with perpetrators who could have been found to have committed such crime.In the year 2004, resolution 1540 was adopted by the Security Council which sought to disallow any non state actor from acquiring or trafficking in any kind of NBC related weapons and equipment, rake systems or materials. This term non state actor was used not only to refer to terrorists as it was on a lower floor the earlier security code but also businesses or state officials who were unauthorize d. In the nuclear proliferation in Pakistan, A. Q. caravan inn a nuclear metallurgist is believed to have coordinated this proliferation in which the government at of that time claimed it had no idea nor had it authorized Khan to carry out such activities.The government argued that nuclear proliferation by Khan was supported by different business networks around the world (Babcock, Chen Zhuang, 2004). The resolution 1540 which was include in the security code mandated all states in the world to ensure appropriate measures were put in place. Such measures included national criminal laws, border controls, export controls, efforts for law enforcement, physical security and also techniques of accounting for materials. This was meant to ensure that no non state actor acquired or even succeeded in trafficking NBC weapons and all other related weapons.Before this resolution was passed, there was no prior requirement which mandated the countries to criminalize acquisition as well as traff icking of biological and nuclear weapons (Williams, 1989). The United States also took stern measures against Pakistan after the nuclear proliferation saga was unfolded. When Pakistan started its nuclear weapon manufacture, it was deemed not to be harmful by the United States. United States under the leadership of Reagan had cooperated with Pakistan on military matters.However, after the nuclear weapon manufacture was realized to be potentially harmful, the country learned its support for the Pakistan government. This was meant to force Pakistan abandon the nuclear manufacture project. In year 2001, Pakistan was forced to make Khan retire and military was also tightened over the KRL where Khan had been working from. Khans network notwithstanding has not been closed as investigations are still being carried out. Most of the countries where Khan had networks have so far taken interest in the case with most of these networks being closed (Williams, 1989).In the case of republic of Ge orgia, though the case is not as big as that of Pakistan, it has still attracted attention of international criminal justice. Non proliferation experts launched their investigations to ascertain the origin of the uranium which Oleg was in possession. However, this has not been identified so far especially because Oleg changed his initial confession which he had said he had obtained the materials form Russia. Russian officials were also involved in the investigation owing to cooperate with Georgia in fighting nuclear materials trafficking.According to Russian authorities, the uranium could have been obtained from the country but ten years earlier before it was confiscated in Georgia a finding the United States conferred with the findings of Russia. Although this case was publicized by the Georgian government, it did not attract much attention from the international criminal agencies and only as it did not amount to heavy charges of proliferation. Also, the publicity of this case was met with scepticism from different opinion group with the move to publicize the case by the republic of Georgia being seen as a political provocation on Russia.Also, the possibilities that later emerged that the uranium could have been stolen from a natural philosophy lab which had reported loss of about 2 kilograms of uranium in the 1990s made the case not to attract much international attention (Kelly, Maghan Serio, 2005). While conducting the investigation for the above two cases, the international criminal society was faced with several difficulties. In the case of Oleg in the republic of Georgia, it was difficult to obtain accurate information regarding the origin of the uranium.Also, Georgia lacked sufficient resources to help in the analysis of the uranium and had to aver on the findings of Russia and United States. Lack of resources and cooperation form the perpetrators were the main hindrance of this case. Also, politicization of the nuclear materials trafficking was al so another solid ground which hindered compete investigation of the case by the international criminal justice. Georgia was seen like its only agent was to destroy the Russian reputation especially because of the timing of publication of the case.In the case of Pakistan, lack of automatic witnesses was a major hindrance for the international criminal justice team. Also, the laws which were in place during that time were peculiar(a) and could not thus cover the proliferation issue fully (Williams Vlassis, 2001). Conclusion Globalization which has been on the rise in the past few decades have led to improvement in technology for weapon manufacture. With rise in globalization, terrorism threats have also become more complicated and sophisticated necessitating creation of avenues to ensure and elevate global security.Nuclear materials are widely used for the manufacture of nuclear materials which are usually used by terrorists. Guarding these nuclear materials has thus become a vi tal task for all countries which have them and laws have been formulated by the international law society to ensure that nuclear proliferation does not occur. Nuclear trafficking has yet been a major concern for most countries means of trafficking them continue becoming more complicated and high tech. however, it is the duty of a government to ensure that all its nuclear reserves are well guarded and that no unauthorized persons are allowed to possess them.Nuclear materials trafficking from a country whether knowingly or unknowingly may lead to devastating effects to the diplomatic relationships with such a country as well as heavy measures being undertaken by the international criminal law against such a country. To reduce incidences of nuclear weapon trafficking, it is important for all the governments to cooperate as well as establishment of taut laws regarding this issue. Recommendation While dealing with issues of nuclear materials trafficking, it is vital to have the necessar y equipment to enable a government track the origin and contents of such materials.One of the major recommendations is that all government should establish a research institute and a laboratory equipped with necessary machines to enable in easier analysis as well as identification of nuclear materials. Countries should also ensure that the immigration department is closely man to eliminate chances of collaboration and collusion of terrorists and immigration officers. All individuals entering or leaving a country should be thoroughly checked and screened to reduce chances of nuclear materials trafficking (Babcock, Chen Zhuang, 2004).The government should also take the chess opening of training its forensic team, militants, border controllers as well as individuals involved in nuclear materials analyses so as to help cases of nuclear weapon smuggling in a country. All departments involved in the fight of nuclear proliferation and trafficking should also be given adequate funding esp ecially with the current rise in terrorism threats. In cases of nuclear materials trafficking, non proliferation expert teams from various countries should be sent to the countries affected to ensure that results obtained are not biased or prejudiced.A joint and independent team of experts should be create to help in proliferation cases as well as other related nuclear materials trafficking cases (Wallenius, Peerani Koch, 2000). Cooperation by all countries around the world is vital in helping in the fight of nuclear materials trafficking. One of the ways that the countries can do to ensure cooperation is by instituting stringent measures and laws to cub this vice. The internationals criminal laws should impose heavy penalties on countries from which the materials originate.By imposing heavy penalties, countries may become keener in guarding their nuclear materials from being smuggled out of the country. Stringent measures should also be taken on individuals found to the traffick ing nuclear materials. As it stands today, countries are more severely punished while perpetrators are only given to serve a short jail term which cannot act as a deterrent agent. Heavier punishment should be imposed on individuals who are caught trafficking nuclear materials (Williams, 1989).An international court to deal with nuclear materials trafficking and proliferations should also be established to ensure that all individuals and countries prosecuted with such crimes get uniform penalties (Phillips, 2007). Reference Angelo, J. A. (2004) Nuclear technology. ISBN 1573563366, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group Babcock, H. P. , Chen, C. Zhuang, X. (2004) development single-particle tracking to study nuclear trafficking of viral genes. Biophysical Journal Cameron, G. (1999) Nuclear terrorism a threat legal opinion for the 21st century.ISBN 0312219830, Published by Palgrave Macmillan Hossain, M. Shahidullah, S. M. (2008) Global-Local Nexus and the Emerging Field of Crimino logy and Criminal Justice in southerly Asia Bangladesh Case. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology Volume 5 Kelly, R. J. , Maghan, J. Serio, J. (2005) Illicit trafficking a reference handbook. ISBN 1576079155, Published by ABC-CLIO LAnnunziata, m. F. , El Baradei, M. M. Burkart, W. (2003) Handbook of radiation therapy Analysis Second Edition. ISBN 0124366031, Published by Academic Press Phillips, M. (2007)Uncertain Justice for Nuclear Terror Deterrence of Anonymous Attacks through Attribution. Journal article of Orbis Volume 51 Wallenius, M. , Peerani, P. Koch, L. (2000) Origin determination of plutonium material in nuclear forensics. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Williams, P. (1989) Russian organized crime the new threat? ISBN 0714647632, Published by Routledge Williams, P. Vlassis, D. (2001) Combating transnational crime concepts, activities, and responses. ISBN 0714651567, Published by Routledge

War on Terror Essay Example for Free

War on bane EssayThe current contend on terrorism raises a unique, formative innovation of the Statesn principles. It has with forth delay integrated the world of civilized countries united together in a massive ideological, as healthy as military, war to battle the common rival of terrorism. In concomitant, this position with such a global coalition is what mightiness be expected from America, a country that specializes in cultural pluralism. The disaster of 9/11 awakened the slumbering, decadence of a country taking itself for granted, unprotected, and living in Disneyland. in that location were warnings of terrorists panics in 1997 and 1998 (from China, Israel, and others). At that time, the U. S. goernment was too impressive developing a strip against President Bill Clinton to counterbalance attention to what was going on in the world beyond capital letter, D. C. Had the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central tidings Agency, and Congress been as possesse d with detecting terrorism and threats to the United States (connecting the transfers) as they were with connecting Clinton to Monica Lewinsky (they could connect one dot on a dress to the president), we all might feel safer today.As the rest of the world has struggled with home-front terrorism (e. g. , England, France, the Middle atomic number 99, Russia, and Japan), America has been egoistic in its own vast materialistic bubble oblivious to outermost threats of terror. We have purely assumed somebody else leave alone take c atomic number 18 of the rest of the world terrorism as we ar safely secluded on either side by two immense bodies of water. Yet, these thousands of miles of ocean argon suitably called ponds as they can be traversed by sophisticated commercial jets in a matter of hours.Though, some analysts differentiate between policy-making terrorists with an identifiable goal and millenarian terrorists who are say to have no political agenda and owe their allegiance to a higher role in heaven (New York Times for July 23 and 24, 2002). The Palestine Liberation Organization is said to be an exercise of the former and Al-Qaeda of the latter. The effectiveness of this distinction is open to question, however. Who can confidently be said to be a millenarian terrorist?A reading of Al-Qaedas manifestos illustrates that it harbors goals short of a global Caliphate. At the same time, political terrorists are non inevitably candidates for negotiations. That a group has a restricted political goal does not mean that negotiation can be prolific. The PLOs repeated rejection of opportunities for agreement on the concern of a Palestinian render may mean, as conceivably a absolute majority of Israelis now believe, that anything short of a take from the river to the sea will be deplorable to it. If so, negotiations would not be fruitful or even charge pursuing.And it does not matter if Al-Qaeda would be satisfied with just the barring of United States forces from the Middle Easta limited, identifiable goalif Americans find that improper. In short, if peace agreements essential always be reached with ones enemy, it must matter less who that enemy is than what he is willing to trade. The war on terrorism possesses features that influence capital letter to operate in direct conflict of accepted norms of foreign law, and to ignore the deficiencies and the crimes of its cobelligerents.As portrayed by chapiter, the new war is a messianic, apocalyptic struggle of irreproachable good against consummate evil. Its inspiration is not the real world with its shades of gray (and certainly, pertinent histories and grievances), but the type of struggles that used to play out in the cowboy movies. Little mention is made of the fact that the major enemy is religious, actually intensely so at times to the point of intolerance, racism, and terror, and not atheist as the previous enemy was.There is no need to try to recognize that this new enemy regards Israel as a terra firma that practices state terrorism and that by supplying military and economic aid, Washington is an accomplice. Or to try to belowstand that this enemy supposes that Washington should cut off this aid and declare war on state terrorists as swell as private ones. Those on our side are seen as being good, or at least considerably better than the enemy ( whoremonger Gray, 2002).It is a war of no negotiations with the enemy, no summit meetings, no compromise, and sure as shooting no need to modify policies to accommodate the feelings and the strategies of the enemy, or examine any just grievances that the enemy might probably have. The enemys soldiers will not be given prisoner of war status and will be tried in special military courts. Similar to the enemies of the Cold War, the enemy in the new war is depicted as sinister, cunning and netherhanded. This timeand it is no inconsequential differencethe enemy in fact struck mainland America on September 1 1 and before, and is expected to strike again.The fear is that the enemy will grow and use weapons of mass destruction against usnuclear weapons, or more probable, radiological statistical distribution devices, also called dirty bombs (conformist bombs to which radioactive material has been added). This war too, Washington advises us openly and in advance, is a war of global proportions. It is an open-ended war with the world as its battleground. The enemy assumes two general forms. virtuoso part is visible, above ground, represented by evil governments and reminiscent of the old Soviet bloc.So utmost only four of the enemy governments in the new war have been recognizedthe former governments in Afghanistan and Iraq, and two remain axis of evil governments in Iran and North Korea. The other enemy component is invisible, consisting, we are told, of cells in some 50 or 60 typically unnamed countries. These are not the cells of the communistic party, but the underground organization s of what Washington chooses to call terrorists. Whatever its form, whether bearing the legality of government or animate underground, the enemy must be destroyed.To do this, we should sometimes act alone, unilaterally. Other times we can act with our allies (Michael Scott Doran, 2001). A Homeland certificate agency was set up to fight terrorism at home, with a political friend of the president acting as its head and numerous agencies put under its jurisdiction. There is evidence that homeland securitywhose reason is truly defensive rather than offensiveis under funded. For instance, port security has received only one-tenth the amount that the Coast Guard says is desired (New York Times, June 17, 2003, p. 27).I believe, a major weakness in home security is the distressed financial position of state and local governments. Impoverished by a slothful economy and the drying up of federal grants, they have been laboured to lessen expenditures not only for education and welfare, but a lso for police and fire departments. The latter are the first line of defense against terrorism on mainland America, and their risky financial position is related to the federal tax cuts, preferred items in the domestic agenda of the crotch hair administration which favors tax breaks for the rich as a way of motivating the economy.In his first State of the Union Address, President Bush said I will not wait on events, as danger gathers (New York Times, January 30, 2002, p. A1). Later, he directed his sack up security aids to originate a fundamentally new home(a) security doctrine and schema called preemption (New York Times, January 30, 2002, p. A1). The doctrine and the strategy were formed for use against those chosen as terrorist groups of global reach and such states as Iraq that were accused of aiding terrorists and attempting to build up nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction.As explained by Condoleezza Rice, the National Security Adviser, preemption intend f orestalling certain destructive acts against you by an adversary. She added that there are times when you cannot wait to respond. What she evidently meant is that you respond first, before your adversary strikes (New York Times, January 30, 2002, p. A1). Put in more right English, you begin the violence, an act that traditionally has been called aggression. The war against terrorism thus consist of the preemptive strike, in which Washington responds before an adversary, or even a suspected antagonist, initiates an aggressive act.Ingenuously put, Washington seeks to express the idea that the enemy is so evil that aggression is an adequate strategy to be used against him. In the case of Iraq, the range of such strategies has run from attempts to assassinate Saddam Hussein to a full-scale incursion of Iraq. preemption contrasts simply with the non-aggressive deterrence principle that served both Washington and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Preemption contrasts basically wi th the non-aggressive deterrence principle that served both Washington and the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War.Deterrence sought-after(a) to avert an attack by an aggressor, particularly a nuclear attack, by threatening to penalize. Washington make a mighty nuclear and conformist inventory with the declared purpose of deterring the Soviets from striking the first blow. The arsenal was planned to be of such dimensions that a Soviet attack would not obliterate it and that Washington could retaliate with crushing nuclear force. The Soviets built what they judged to be a similar arsenal. The George W.Bush administration also abandon non-proliferation as the way of averting the spread of nuclear weapons, i. e. of preventing their spread by peaceful means only. It has reserved for itself the right to attack those nations that it blames of seeking to develop nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass obliteration. Washington did engage in preventative attacks during the Cold War, tw o examples being Panama and the Dominican Re world. The disparity in the George W. Bush era is that aggression is now Washingtons announced overt policy.In both eras Washington uphold rightwing dictators who committed state terrorism. Popular support for military action in reaction to terrorism predates 9/11 but, contrary to common non-American perceptions of a belligerent, isolationist and nationalistic nation, mass responses sustained a miscellaneous approach to terrorism, international engagement, a stronger United Nations (UN) role and building goodwill towards America through human-centred and development aid. The public also rejected the idea of a basic clash of cultures between Islam and the West.In short, US opinion was considerably closer to that of Europeans than much media coverage on both sides of the Atlantic suggested. xcv pct of Americans, for instance, agreed that it was important for the war on terrorism to be seen by the world as an effort of numerous countries working together, not just a US effort. A Harris poll conducted over 1924 September found 79 percent saying it was very and 16 percent somewhat important to build a strong international com lay ination of umpteen countries to support us. cardinal percent agreed it was very or somewhat significant to get the support of as many Arab and Islamic countries as possible. Whilst 50 percent said military action must occur regardless, 45 percent held that America should take military action against terrorist organizations in other countries only if the UN Security Council authorizes it. (William Schneider, 2002) intimately all Americans favored dealing with terrorism through multilateral action. The majority preferred including other nations forces in the Afghan war regardless of America being constrained by having to make joint decisions.A strong majority supported using international legal bodies for terrorist trials with a plurality favoring trying bin Laden before an International Criminal Tribunal rather than a New York federal court. The public also showed at least as much support for non-military as military instruments (liquidating terrorist funds, enhancing intelligence, strengthening international law and building goodwill), holding non-military means to be more effective in preventing in store(predicate) terrorism.The majority Americans nonetheless agreed that failure to respond militarily to 9/11 would increase the viewpoint of future terrorist attacks (Michael Scott Doran, 2001). In legitimating Bush and easing though not assuring passage of his legislative agenda and juridic appointments for the 108th Congress (20034), the results however reflected and reinforced both the priority and preferences of the administration on foreign policy.The common UN Security Council vote in favor of a new resolution on Iraq passed on 8 November, ensuant the prior months terrorist attacks on Bali and Moscow, augmented not only the administrations warnings on the significance, scale and multifaceted nature of the threat of international terror but as well reinforced the Bush administrations faith in prevenient actions against state as well as non-state actors through coalitions if probable but unilaterally if necessary.Ironically, almost thirty years after Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. had destined the development of an imperial presidency under Johnson and Nixon, both the compound legal right of the president and the vast reach of American power abroad suggested that it had came out in an particularly potent form by 20034.Implicit in many European responses to 9/11 was the idea that if Americans would only learn more of the Middle East, Islam and global politics, US foreign policy would alternate in ways congenial to Europeans and others (the debate here is ultimately less one about peak or insufficient internationalism but more whether US policies are the ones others favor a unilateralist America devoted to enforcing stronger environmental safeguards than Kyoto and dispensing foreign aid to Baghdad and Pyonyang would doubtless win plaudits in capital of Belgium and Berlin).But there is as much reason to deduce the opposite. 9/11 strongly reconfirmed the Bush teams approach military strength as an essential but insufficient condition of assuring the national security of a unique nation, political system and people. Simply when clear and present dangers from state and non-state actors alike(predicate) appear determinedly more muddied and distant is Americas taking part in global personal business likely to be shaped by anything other than the primacy of its own security.For the USA, after saving Europe in two ways and productively leading a worldwide anti-communist struggle, another global war is well in progress.ReferencesJennifer S. Holmes, terrorism and Democratic Stability (Manchester Manchester University Press, 2001). New York Times for July 23 and 24, 2002 Michael Scott Doran, Somebody Elses Civil War Ideolog y, Rage and the enthrall on America, in jam F. Hoge Jr. and Gideon Rose (eds. ), How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War (Oxford humans Affairs Ltd, 2001), pp. 3152.Michael Scott Doran, Somebody Elses Civil War Ideology, Rage and the Assault on America, in James F. Hoge Jr. and Gideon Rose (eds. ), How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War (Oxford Public Affairs Ltd, 2001), pp. 3152. William Schneider, yen on Character, Short on Details, National Journal, 2 Feb. 2002, p. 350. New York Times, January 30, 2002, p. A1 New York Times, July 22, 2002, p. A1 New York Times, June 17, 2003, p. 27 John Gray, Why Terrorism is Unbeatable, New Statesman, 25 Feb. 2002, pp. 503.