Economics

The most common belief is that Agency Theory is establish in the economic assume of adult male (e. G. Brenna , 1994). Jensen and Neckline arguing that the theory is grounded in what they call REAM the Re quotationful, Evaluative, Maximizing Model (Jensen , 1994). They argue that the REAM most closely replicates benignant military action and that the economic model of public is a simplified indication that does not reflect the spectrum of kind-hearted behavior. Lets underwrite a t equal to(p) that comp argons the ii of them with logical order. Comparison of Economic Model of public and REAMEconomic Model of Man Rational Bounded Rational Maximized Maximized found on thorough valuation Motivated by incentives Actions driven by Incentives Self-Interested opportunistic with guile Opportunistic if beneficial Focus o Focus on extrinsic rewards will substitute sobernesss if beneficial (not driven exclusively by extrinsic rewards) not differently regarding Altruistic if benef icial Resourceful Resourceful innovative when veneer constraints and opportunities With the understanding that man is self-interested, ever opportunistic and driven by incentives, act theory addresses the effect of having this man as manager in the modern-fashioned corporation by providing prescriptions to taming him. Industrial boldness economics providing a staple theoretical perspective on the influence of foodstuff anatomical structure on firm strategy and death penalty. There is a range of specific models, study determinants of firm-level profitability include (1) characteristic of the perseverance in which the firm competes (2) the firms define congress to its competitors and (3) the quality or quantity of the firms resources. (1 )landlers variables A long usance is concerned with identifying properties of industries intriguing to above-average profitability.A large set of variables ( emersion, facilitation, capital and advertising intensity, etc. ) redeem perf ormed differently in different studies, merely the overall splendour of these factors is beyond dis spuee (Reverberant, 1983). (2)Variables relating the firm to its competitors Originally perceived as the source Of market condition market sh be and more specifically relative market shargon as dealed for this study serves as a substitute for close to firm-specific relative competitive advantage going from learning effects and other firm specific assets. (3)Firm variables The typical economic model of firm proceeding explains from 15 to 40 percent of the variance in profit rate across firms.A break apart from random effects, measurement errors, and so forth, one feces conjure up at least three explanations for the remaining variance. First, at that place may be fundamental economic variables, the extent of which cannot be measured (e. G. Assets that argon specific to an industry or a trading partner). Second, the true model may be such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal )(prenominal)(prenominal) that intervening economic variables differ from case to case, making aggregate forthline difficult. Third, with very few exceptions organizational factors are not considered in this literature. organisational MODEL OF FIRM PERFORMANCE Perhaps even more than their economist counterparts, organizational searchers be wealthy person developed a wide variety of models of performance.As an workout managers can influence the behavior of their employees (and thus the performance of the organization) by pickings into account factors such as the formal and informal structure, the planning, reward, control and reading systems, their skills and personalities, and the relation of these to the environment. But on the other hand we have nigh questions intimately firm performance. Can a firm be over-differentiated in one area and under fractionated In another, but on the totally be just about right? In contrast, firm performance is an aggregate phenomenon. Numer ous studies have demonstrated how changes in organizational structures, systems and practices have altered climate measures and hence individual performance .Both organizational structure (span of control, size, levels) and organizational processes (performance reviews, bud set abouting, collaboration) were more closely associated with climate measures than with performance (both takingsive and objective) measures, and that organizational climate was directly linked to performance. Other more clinical efforts have sh de stretch outr linkages between managerial practices and attributes or dimensions of organization climate and firm performance . Figure 1 illustrates the assumed causality Of the traditional climate model Of firm performance. This thesis has uncovered a number of arouse points, some of which are perceived to lend themselves to exam aspects for further research.It would be interesting to obtain a more solid picture of our research and wows that research may provide a n interesting basis for comparison with respect to the impaction and consequences of Agency Theory and Firm performance within report government activity mechanisms utilized today.EconomicsPolicemen are seen all over the world as peace markrs, who base their actions on Just and sound principles In order to remark law and order within the country. The constabulary make Is an Integral part of hostelry not only In that It manages to apprehend prostitute doers but also act as a deterrent for the prevention of abhorrences which could, otherwise disrupt internal harmony within a society. As such the natural law have within them, certain causes to aid them in carrying out their duties, which put them above the law. However the question lies in the extent of such a military force the state should stow upon such an organization.The determination of how a good deal billet to allocate to these natural law forces rests on the conditions of a country, society and pile Involved, as well as whether these powers given would affect collects Individuals. Policemen shoulder responsibility, ample responsibilities in fact. They are tasked with upholding and protecting the moral values society has put in place. They should wherefore have the right to eternal power because it delivers for them to be able to stand above criminal offense in the country to be able to efficiently put out wrongdoers and their actions.This Is based on the supposition of course that policemen themselves are not baby and would not abuse such power given to them. If policemens powers were subject to boundaries and conditions, souseding that they are denied of certain powers and rights that would allow them to swiftly bring Justice to perpetrators then their duties would be severely hindered and crime could end up macrocosm a problem in society. peerless such example would be could be seen in Singapore whereby police officers and Its governmental systems have been kn profess to be one of the least corrupt in the world.In this, the SSP, or otherwise known as the Singapore Alice force hold significant power in society in that they are able to rise above individuals in society to be able to make clear Judgments and arrests to ensure law is being abided by. Its power can be seen in its ability to conduct arrests of longhairs, gang members etc without having to go through a good deal obstacles such as bureaucracy due to them wielding sufficient powers of their own to decide on choices on the spot so that the problem does not persist. This amount of power awarded to the police force of Singapore allows it to perform Its duties with effect efficiency.The result, one of the safest countries to live in the world, recording one of the lowest crime rates as compared to Brazil. Seen here, the importance of not holding back power given to the police force ensures a country remains persistent to be able to advance economically and well-disposedly. However as seen, assump tions In the real world rarely hold. Policemen are globe. And humans are subject to greed that gives rise to corrupt behavior in an attempt to strive more. consequently policemen should not be given innumerable power because it some snips interferes with our individuals intrinsic moral values of laxdom.The very fault in such a society lies in that ordinary citizens have no power against policemen and the law. In what many may argue that In a put down world we live in today, we as Individuals have sovereignty and the free will to choose what we want, libertarians as we are governed by the many laws external of us that do not make us autonomous. much(prenominal) laws could trampling upon our basic rights of freedom. And thus allowing the police, who are part of the law to hold significant, boundless power would severely undermine our freedom as individuals.Take for example earlier in the yr, George Thompson who lives in Boston was arrested by policemen not for carrying into action, not for theft, not even for indecency, but for put down a police officer which he deemed to be out of control. Also in the US was a man in Baltimore who was arrested and threatened after police found out he was recording them. The conversation between them read Man I have my rights Police You have no rights Man I thought I had freedom of speech here Police You Just lost it As seen the conversation(cut short) between them exemplifies what many would term absurd.Something as harmless as filming in a technologically advanced world we owe live in could cause us to get arrested. Although it could be said that there was a thin line to be drawn between respecting the police officer and the freedom of the man, it can be argued that the arrest of this man from Baltimore was based on no justified grounds. The unlimited powers the policeman had had cost the man his freedom because he, as an ordinary citizen had no choice but to bias down to the orders of the police officer. Hence un limited powers given to policemen tend to be abused.Instead of trying to police the world, they should in fact be concerned with policing their own organizations instead. Hence their power should be limited. Conditions within society could also basal that unlimited power given to law enforcement agencies would present detriments to the country. Conditions such as social hierarchy that could still be present in third world or developing nations. These class systems, coupled with unlimited power given to police agencies would pose a huge problem to a country.This is so because policemen as said earlier are ordinary citizens as well, meaning that they are subject to discrimination and biasness towards a certain group. This could mean that rights of the minority could e bleak away because of social hierarchy. India is a good example to showcase this. Lately the country has been subject to cases of baby and murder of women. In this aspect policemen despite wielding significant power, the past 3-4 months have seen many cases of Indian women getting raped and afterbirth murdered. With the most recent case citing that 2 girls, aged 14 and 15 were raped and hanged from trees.The ii girls who were cousins after being raped were hanged. This incident sparked outrage not only because of the brutality of such an inhumane action but cause police officers and officials refused to couchigate into the matter. The priming being, these girls were of a lower caste and therefore it would not be worth their effort and time to dwell deeper into the matter. Further aggravating the matter was comments from the topical anesthetic police officials saying that such rape incidents should be considered as null due to the rampancy and frequency of such rape incidents.Condemnation of such a reaction soon broke out and eventually caused the government to step in as police agencies in that region were not up to the task. Such security of people in India born into lower castes would be touch on with their interests not being cared for. This goes against the advocating of human rights and basic freedom for all. Even with the apparently unlimited power policemen had in India, they were unable to make sound Judgments of the rape case causing many more of such cases to persist.One possible solid ground is, as stated, because of the presence of the class system that is still prevalent in India today. Because of this the only way the issue can be solved would be to grant police officers there lesser power ND to escape it to government intervention where a most Just termination and action can be made. Therefore the police should not have unlimited power in this case as it would lead to discrimination and social instability. Lastly, police should not be granted unlimited power because they are not, and should not be seen as guardians or kings of our own moral principles.They should not have the rights to have absolute grip and rule over our lives and decisions we make as it is morally unjustified. This argument on freedom dates back to debates amongst philosophers and two main schools of thoughts. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism. In short utilitarianism supporters such as Jeremy Beneath held the view that our individual rights should be forgone for the sake of the greater good of society whereas libertarians such as John Locke and Nonionic argued otherwise, that our individual rights should be upheld.In that it states that there should be the existence of a minimalist state with no paternalism and morals legislating which simply means no laws put in place to impose how people should run their own lives. In the real world this is similarly extreme for such a notion to thrive in because humans quire constant guidance as we sometimes stray off the wrong paths. However if we were to go along the lines of a libertarian argument we can see the importance of individual rights and how the law agencies such as the police should not be ultimate ru lers of our own moral principles and decisions.Giving police agencies unlimited power would be akin to giving them the rights to impose certain laws on us, some of which would not benefit. Although many who oppose this might say what would happen if there is little or no one to keep tabs on society, wont society go out of control with crime rates rising? This would therefore call for limited powers granted to the police, such that they still hold decent power to enforce the law, but not enough power to trench upon our individual freedom.One way to see it would be how Emmanuel Kant a proponent of libertarianism argues about the importance of championing our intrinsic rights to freedom. He states first of all that We as human beings are rational and worthy of dignity and respect. This bold statement shows that we are capable of sound thinking and hence deserve respect and dignity. Therefore to allow police to be masters over our lives through granting them unlimited power would be f irst of all, unnecessary and secondly, would mean that our individual rights are ignored.Thus policemen should not have unlimited power because it is not Justified. In windup as the quote goes, With great power, go ons great responsibility. Certainly the powers bestowed upon police should come with great thought and repercussions that could arise as a result. In this view, I believe that unlimited power should not be granted to police in dealing with social issues such as crime because it would result in the abusing of it that could in put out lead to our individual rights being stripped away.EconomicsInternal growth strategies refer to the growth within the organization by using internal resources. It focuses on developing bleak products, change magnitude efficiency, hiring the right people and better marketing. Should voodooism want to expand into Africa to apply profitability it can use its can consider its internal growth Voodoo can now then focus on what it already had t his includes the quality it gives to their customers this including its latest ontogeny of permit which is 4th generation outwork 46.Expansion cosmetic surgery the market share, gross sales revenue and profit of the present product or services. food market penetration Selling existing products to existing markets. To capture the market Voodoo needs to focus on its mission statement which is providing its customers with good coverage intercommunicate which comes in Voodoo is still improving on its network coverage with an investment of R 120 000 000 and a year technological advancement and an additional R 2. Mil for its skills development. In turn Voodoo can retain its existing customers and at the same time attract more customers that require the best network coverage corresponding LET that was developed by Voodoo before its competitors giving It much more competitive advantage. Market development Extending existing products to a parvenue market. Voodoo alms at reaching new customer segments, wants to Increase sales by capturing new market area.Voodoo is currently the giant brisk providers In entropy Africa at the scrap they are a growing mobile industry which Is owned by Britain Avoidance, they deciding to attract ore customers outside Brittany and South Africa, would need a market strategy from the marketing research, and the Initial coronation It needs to Invest this also including the politics of different countries In Africa. carrefour development Developing new products for existing markets or new markets, making some modifications In the existing product to give value to the customers for their purchase.Voodoo decision to Invest In Its quality of Its network coverage has gave Its brand prototype a climb In the market. Voodoo was the first mobile network In south-central Africa to cover G,G, and Its latest G network which Is LET from Its competitors proving that Its customers will get value for their money. It continues Investment In Its multimillion rand technological development keeps It ahead of Its competitors. Diversification The object of delectations Is to allow the company to enter new lines of business that are different from current operations. There are four types of delectations vertical, horizontal, concentric and conglomerate.Voodoo before its competitors giving it much more competitive advantage. Market Extending existing products to a new market. Voodoo aims at reaching new customer segments, wants to increase sales by capturing new market area. Voodoo is currently the giant mobile providers in South Africa at the moment they are a growing mobile industry which is owned by Britain Avoidance, they deciding to attract the marketing research, and the initial investment it needs to invest this also including the politics of different countries in Africa. Product development modifications in the existing product to give value to the customers for their purchase.Voodoo decision to invest in its quality o f its network coverage has gave its brand image a boost in the market. Voodoo was the first mobile network in south Africa to cover G,G, and its latest G network which is LET from its competitors proving that its customers will get value for their money. It continues investment in its multimillion rand technological development keeps it ahead of its competitors. The purpose of diversification is to allow the company to enter new lines of business that are different from current operations. There are four types of diversification