The book of Luke and Acts Essay Example for Free

The book of Luke and Acts EssayThe book of Luke and Acts are of the same author. It is addressed to Theophilus. On the introduction of the book of Luke, Luke wrote Therefore, since I myself have carefully investigated every issue from the beginning, it seemed good besides to me to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught (Luke 13-4). With that verse it is clear that Luke did investigated the accounts of the Nazarene. If we try to take in the Bible from Matthew to John, all of the accounts are similar. They only differ in the details of the accounts. Luke is not the direct disciple (not one of the 12 disciples) of deliverer Christ tho he was able to reconcile what he wrote with the books of John, Matthew and Mark. With the same accounts found in Matthew, Mark, and John, we can conclude that he understands Jesus purpose here on earth. On the book of Acts, Luke elaborates the things that m ake a Christian. He mentioned even how a Christian should act. He even wrote some of the accounts of the believers after Jesus ascended to heaven. In his books he never mentioned about how he understands the death of Jesus, but on his writings we can say that he fully understand the death of Jesus that is to redeem us from our sins. On the other hand, it is the faith that convicts him to tell the people that Jesus is innocent of a sin deserving to death. As we can see on the accounts of Jesus on the book of Luke, Jesus did not commit things that deserve death but rather it is because of the fear of the Pharisees that the attention of the people will be divert to Jesus. They are afraid that their positions will not be honored by the people. It is for that reason that Luke really is convicted to tell the world not only the innocence of Jesus Christ but the truth and the love that Jesus offer on the cross to save His people. Basically, faith is the motivation of Luke in telling such t hing to people. We can even attest that when we have faith on a certain thing we can do even the impossible things just to conform to or stand on the faith that we have.Work citedThe Holy Bible (1988). The New International Version. Broadman Holman Publishers Nashville

Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics Essay Example for Free

Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics EssayThere are four theoretical approaches to the metaphysics and they include Dualism and the theory that what exists on can do so on two levels the physical or the mental. The next approach is Materialism which theorizes that everything exists on a physical level. Then there is the Idealism approach which states that everything that exists is mental or spiritual. Finally, there is Alternative Views which theorizes that what exists in neither mental nor spiritual but believed that what exists is both, which means that what exists is neutral. In the Materialism theory of metaphysics it is said that everything is do of some miscellanea of structure that are now called atoms. These atoms are governed entirely by physical laws and are thought to make up everything that we know and see. There were and are comfort many men in the scientific community that feel this way, but the most pronounced one was named Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes implied cl early that all things are made of material particles and that all change reduces to motion. (cite) His theory states that everything is effect in motion to include an individuals thought process.Hobbes goes into detail about how this process whole kit and caboodle and called it perception or sense. His way of describing it is the fact that things have different properties and that the properties do not really exist. The properties of an object are based on what we grasp them to be. We perceive a rose to be beautiful, smell nice, and have red pedals. Those properties according to Hobbes are all based on perception and the rose does not real have any of these traits. The things that really are in the world foreign us are those motions by which these seemings are caused. (cite) Hobbes describes perception as motion from the outside effects the motion of the inside of a person.The motion on the outside affected the motion on the inside and leaves a lasting effect afterward the mo tion is complete or dispersed then the motion that remains behind on the inside is left as a memory. The motion that is distillery on the inside is a perception and in turn is the root cause for thinking, imagination, and memory. As humans we describe this reaction by assigning course to these perceptions and Hobbes labeled that as reasoning.The way that people reason is nothing sort of adding and subtracting of the consequences of general names. (cite) The easiest way that this can be explained would be to refer it to a computer. The unverbalised drive is considered as the motion on the inside and the keyboard and mouse as the outside. The heavy(p) drive is made up of a disk and draw and plant life by taking the disc and spinning is around at a rapid pace. Next the magnet is moved around to encode the data to the hard drive. This whole process is done through movement and if stationary there is nothing that can be done to retrieve or store information. introductory to store or retrieve information an external source of movement needs to happen. Movement from the outside was represented as a keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse which is movement from the outside affects the hard drive which is the movement from the inside and vice versa. instantly that movement has been represented the reasoning of information needs to be considered. Now we actualise what movement effect movement means we can now address the fact of reasoning and perception. All of the information that the computer takes in needs to go somewhere and needs to be retrieved again.The computer makes sense of all the data by assigning numbers to all of the data so that it can be retrieved again. This aspect would be considered our perception which is reasoning which as Hobbes stated before is our thinking, memory, and imagination. Now some people would argue that Hobbes theory does not take into accounts stopping point making and other voluntary actions, but he does go into detail about how that process works. Hobbes addresses the finer points of the closing process by stating that every finale or movement starts of as an endeavor which was caused by perception.He then breaks it down even into two groups consisting of disposition and aversion. When the endeavor is toward something then it is considered a desire and when it is away it is considered an aversion. We associate desire and aversion with words like love and hate or good and bad. So according to Hobbes the basic principle of our decision making is like a magnet. Lets look at the magnet that is in the computer and affects the hard drive. Sometimes data can be corrupted and the information will not take to the hard drive.The process of corrupt data being entered from the outside can be considered as an aversion. Now any information that the system lets in can be considers as desire. If that did not make sense then lets look at a magnet in general. A magnet has a positive and a detrimental side. Any thing that is attracted to the positive side can be considered a desire and anything that is repelled by the negative side can be considered an aversion. In the recent years there has been some advancements in technology that allows us to uncover the mysteries of the universe.Scientists have found matter that is smaller than atoms and they are calling them subatomic particles. It has been discovered that these particles make up every aspect of the universe and are comprised of some type of energy that is committed with everything else. After this discovery a lot of scientists are rattled about their theory and if Materialism is really the right type of metaphysical theory to go with. However, this does not completely rule this theory out it just seems like that needs to some changes or tweaks to the way that we think about Materialism.

Managing A Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Managing A break away Life parallelism Social conk out EssayWork- keep sentence ease is a broad concept which is completionly related and derived from the research of theorise satisfaction. There argon both intrinsic and extrinsic factors which touch perceptions of job satisfaction within individuals. Intrinsic factors referred to job characteristics specifically. However, the extrinsic factors referred to the social and cultural norms the individual h sure-enough(a)ing the job operated by. Hence, Work-life symmetry was considered one of the inputs of this extrinsic factor.Hackman and Oldhams cable Characteristics ModelWork/life commensurateness is the ability to do great kick the bucket out and get all of your other priorities accomplished, too. That means giving hatful the independence to choose when and where to do their hunt so they substructure best balance every aspect of their life.The point is, people are passing. Work/life balance isnt close doing less wor k. Its rough having the freedom to choose when and where.Introduction-Why is it important to move up a work-life balance?The answer lies in how we deal with that old adversary stress. Maintaining a work-life balance is essential in handling stress. offset is the key to dealing with stress and a chaotic life. correspondence provides us with unavoidable time to ourselves, enhances our relationships with our families, friends and gives us opportunities to relax. Balance brings our lives into focus, sharpens our perceptions and gives us time to disc over ourselves.Balancing time spent at work and time spent at household doing other activities should be equally balanced. We all guide a breather from work and from time to time we require a break from basis life. Balance gives us the means to bring our lives into harmony.Relationships with family, friends and partners suffer when there is an imbalance between work and life. Not only do relationships suffer when there is an imbalance further our work performance suffers as well. If we give our all to one we neglect the other. This creates chaos and stress in our lives. Stress is the byproduct of imbalance and steps should be hold upn to reduce or avoid stress by balancing work and life.How tin we develop a work-life balance?In order to develop balance between work and life we mustiness start with giving equal time and attention to both. Never take your work home with you and pass along your home life and all of its problems at home. When you are at work be wholly and completely at work and when at home be completely committed to caring about family matters only. This will reduce unnecessary stress on yourself, family and coworkers.Work Life BalanceWork Life Balance Day was initiated by the National Framework Committee for Work Life Balance Policies in 2001. The Committee seeks to encourage and support employers to put in patch a range of negotiable working arrangements which help employees to combine ca lling with the other commitments in their lives. The Committee established a Panel of Consultants who will discuss employers on putting in place a Work Life Balance Policy and associated arrangements.Work Life Balance initiatives can be good to both employers and employeesFor employers, Work Life Balance options can make an organisation more attractive to recruitment candidates, as well as supporting the computer memory of current employees. When recruiting, employers can attract individuals from a wider pool of candidates, providing the organization with the best prospect for selecting spirited quality employeesFor employees, Work Life Balance options can allow for them to remain in, or re-enter, employment while meeting commitments in other parts of their lives (family, education etc).16 Ways to Encourage Work/Life Balance in EmployeesBy David Hakala on April 16, 2008As a recession looms and companies slash their payrolls, it is more important than ever to keep remaining emp loyees productive and happy. One production that employers constantly wrestle with is work/life balance, the allocation of employees time and energy between work and family, health activities, hobbies and all of lifes nonwork requirements.Studies cod shown that too much work can lead to a variety of stress-related illnesses that sap workers vitality, making them more prone to errors on the job, absenteeism, burnout and turnover. The tendency for work to dominate employees lives is increased when layoffs and hiring freezes leave less workers with more to do. The remaining workers are often the hardest to replace because they are the best. It behooves companies to encourage employees to sustain healthy work/life balances. Here are some tips that companies can use to keep their work forces healthy and productive.On-the-Job Training-ManagementManagementHYPERLINK http//www.hrworld.com/management/ support for work/life balance is critical, and it must come from the top. overly often, the perception that hard work is the only way to rise in a company keeps employees at the grindstone, working themselves into illness.Survey of employeeSurveys of employees work/life have sexs can help a company understand workers demand and design appropriate policies to meet them. Studies have shown that respect for work/life balance needs is high on employees lists.Set priorities for all workWhen priorities are unclear, employees tend to overwork because they think that everything must get done at once. Setting priorities allows workers to schedule tasks over a reasonable period of time.Train line managers to recognize signs of overwork.Supervisors can spot increasing error rates, absenteeism and signs of stress-related burnout more easily than anyone else in the organization. Workers who show these signs of a poor work/life balance can be referred to employee-assistance programs.Seminars on work/life balanceIt can help employees understand its importance and retrieve ways to achieve it. Such seminars t for each one employees how to break out manage their workloads, eliminate unproductive work habits, get sufficient good example and negotiate more flexible work conditions that meet their needs.Make Work More FlexibleFlextimeIt is one of the most useful tools in helping workers achieve a good work/life balance. Companies should identify which jobs lend themselves to flexible work scheduling and apparatus formal policies for coordinating flexible schedules with an employees supervisors and coworkers. teleworkingIt is a way for employees to work from home while taking care of a sick or dependent family member. It in addition cuts down on stress and unproductive time due to a commute. Studies have shown that telecommuters can be 30 percent more productive than their office-bound counterparts. Many companies are implementing formal telecommuting programs on an as-needed or permanent basis. Telecommuting can be a terrific recruitment tools as well.Job shar ingIt can keep two valuable employees busy while diminution work-related stress. In a job-sharing arrangement, two workers work part-time and share the workload of one job. Careful coordination between the two workers, their supervisor and their co-workers is necessary to make job sharing work.Allow for Time off from WorkEncourage the use of vacation and sick-leave time. Supervisors should advise employees to use their vacation and sick-leave benefits when signs of burnout or illness arise. Companies can implement use-it-or-lose- it policies to encourage employees to take time off when it is necessary.Leave policyA formal leave policy for employees with dependents recognizes and encourages the need to care for sick children or olden parents.Paid childbirth or adoption leave gives women and men the flexibility to keep their jobs while attending to a new addition to the family. This option is roughly always cheaper than the alternatives of burnt-out employees or those who leave the company.Limit how often employees take work home. The line between work and home lives tends to blur when employees regularly take work home. This practice should be monitored by management personnel, who should also develop plans for making sure that work gets done at the office instead of at home.Some companies allow employees to take leave for community service. These firms recognize that employees obtain life satisfaction from projects or work outside of their regular jobs.Bringing Life to WorkBring-your-kids-to-work dayIt is a way to get employees families involved in their work lives. The opportunity to share a day of work with children is a benefit that legion(predicate) employees appreciate.Sponsoring employeesIt family-oriented activities is a nonher way to combine work and life. Sporting events, excursions to amusement parks, fishing trips and other family-oriented jaunts are good opportunities to help employees strike a work/life balance.Companies need to promote their work/life-balance policies year-round not incisively in employee orientations and handbooks. Frequent, positive communication of these benefits reinforces managements commitment to help workers achieve work/life balances and gives employees the touch that it is OK to live a little.Balancing Life and Personal CommitmentsWork-Life Balance does not mean an equal balance. Trying to schedule an equal number of hours for each of your various work and private activities is usually unrewarding and unrealistic. Life is and should be more fluid than that.We want to make sure you have the resources, services and tools you need to get the balance that is rightfield for you and to help you in your personal and professional endeavors.WORK LIFE BALANCE Benefits to the organizationMeasured increases in individual productivity, responsibility and commitmentBetter teamwork and communicationImproved moraleLess negative organizational stressWORK LIFE BALANCE Benefits to the individualMore hold dear and balance in your daily lifeBetter soul of what your best individual work life balance.Increased productivityImproved relationships both on and off the jobReduced stressBalancing Work and LifeYour department and colleagues can contribute to your work-life balanceManagers play an important role in helping faculty and faculty achieves the right work-life balance. When you create and promote a work atmosphere that makes it easier for your team to achieve a better work-life balance, you have happier, healthier employees who are more productive and satisfied in their work and a less stressful work environment overall for your team. Being flexible and understanding the needs of each of your employees will help you to build a more positive and successful work environment.Tips for helping your team achieve a better work-life balanceConsider flexible schedules, alternate work arrangements or job sharing where appropriate and be supportive of these arrangements (they shouldnt have a negative shock on career growth and success)Be flexible, considerate, and respectful of personal or family responsibilitiesAllow for time to pursue professional development and community service opportunities put forward a positive work environment through your leadership and support of employeesPromote a disconnect from work atmosphere when employees have scheduled time off (no cell phones or lap tops) where possibleYou can contribute to your own work-life balanceIt is important that you, as an individual, find ways to create the right work-life balance for yourself. The best work-life balance for you may be divergent than that of your coworkers or your manager. For some, working long hours creates value and balance in their lives. For others, it is not a spot they can productively or enjoyable maintain. The best work-life balance also changes for each individual over time and is usually diametrical for someone just starting in their career than someone who is retiring. A good work-life balance for someone who has no children may be different than that of someone with children, and many people are caregivers to older family members as well. Your best work-life balance will change, and while we strive to help create an environment that allows you to integrate your personal and professional lives, you must find ways to create the right balance for your self.Suggestions for getting a better work-life balance that is right for youDefine and create your own work-life balanceBe accountable for balancing your personal and professional commitmentsHelp your manager understand the right balance for your life and help to work out an arrangement that supports your needsStrive for meaningful achievements and enjoyments in work, family, friends, and self each dayWork life balancewhat are the benefits and barriers associated with the achievement of a work life balance for employees and employers?The importance of the achievement of a work-life balance and the issues wh ich can be faced when initiatives to achieve such a balance are implemented One issue surrounding the concept is that work life balance is often loosely defined as simply referring to the balance between an individuals time spent at work and on home life. In fact employees are usually monitored on various factors including their attention whilst at work. Central to definitions of work-life balance then is the touch sensation that the modern employment relationship is a negotiation to establish the boundaries around the attention and presence required, creating the need for employees to consciously incorporate practices into their lives to integrate the work and non-work aspects. Work-life balance can be defined as a reconciliation of paid employment and life.It has suggested by McKee and colleagues that a series of historical shifts has shaped, to some degree, the debate about work-life balance. Broadly speaking they suggested these were the absence of fathers from home through war , imprisonment or long working shifts, the entry of large numbers of women into the workforce the changing study and structure of the family expanding male unemployment the increase in singe working parents the intensification of working hours an ageing population and the growing number of cared for groups and the growth of equal opportunities. (McKee and colleagues) It is accepted that the feminisation of the work force increases the need for family friendly policies, however studies are said largely to have narrowly focused on the experiences of women with the double burden of employment and domestic and child care tasks, at the expense of a broader concept (Ransom, 2007). It also must be noted that theWork-Life Balance b/w personal and professional lifeWhen an individual maintains a balance between his personal and professional life, the phenomenon is called Work-Life Balance. This expression holds worth a lot because it is very important to have a balance between personal and p rofessional life. Work life balance is at the forefront of the world of work. Kaizen, the Japanese philosophy for continuous improvement, along with the role of information technology (IT) helps and guides the management people, to get the maximum output with the help of available resources.The balance between personal and professional life variegate from person to person and the organization where he or she is working. When an individual does not maintain a balance and works too much in the organizational setting, this may cause him some medical, psychological and behavioral consequences, as a result his or her productivity will also be low. Studies have shown that work life stress is harmful to the employees. Late sitting and working too much can cause imbalance in an individuals personal and professional life however there are some techniques to manage the work life stress e.g. time management, task management, relaxation, flexible working hours, working from home and exercise e tc. Work life balance improves individuals health, job satisfaction, commitment, involvement and reduces absenteeism and presenteeism (state of physical presence but not productive). Despite of the progress in the betterment of maintaining work life balance, there is still more to be done.One important factor is the degree to which work life balance are generally applicable across the whole hierarchy of the organization. Those lower down the organizational hierarchy are sometimes not entitled for some benefits or uninformed about relevant company policies. Work life balance can assist employers and employee to be healthy and productive in their personal and professional life.Balance is not better time management, but better boundary management. Balance means making choices and enjoying those choices. Betsy Jacobson.For some people spending more time in the organization is more important than the time they spend at home. However, there are people who give priority to the personal an d family life. In this technological era, some organizations also offer flexible working hours. One can carry laptop, PDA, black berry and is connected with suppliers, venders through internet 24 hours a day. The moment he gets any query, he responds to it. There are some work-alcoholics who take their laptops and PDAs to the vacation and face the annoyance of their wives while checking the emails.People are more interested in looking for a job that gives them flexibility at work. Necessary arrangements for work life balance are required by all workers at different times in their lives because balance is instrumental in quality initiatives by preparing an individual to deal with the change. An individual can give his best only in a conducive environment e.g. students want to study and work at the same time parents want to have time with their children and the older worker climax retirement to have the opportunity to stay in the workforce on reduced hours. Mostly the employers and t he employees agree that organizational objectives are more important, so it is the stipulation of the employer to help people in work life balance.CONCLUSIONWork life balance does not just happen it is your own personal dodging of the manner in which you make a conscious choice to put balance in your life. Work life balance means different things to different people. It is a personal decision on how you want to balance your time between work and your personal life. It is a decision on balancing and maintaining a focus on what is most important to you. No two people share the exact work life balance preferences. Examine what is important in your life and what is your highest priority. Examine what your personal life goals are related to your job and your personal life. Personal life goals should reflect the value and principles that you focus your life on. none of the priorities are set in cement and there should always be room to make changes because your priorities and goals can change.Whenever you are experiencing competing priorities, stop and take a close look at your situation. Look at what is being expected for you to accomplish and make an accurate estimate of what you can accomplish and what you cannot accomplish. This should be a unspoilt accounting of yourself and your priorities. Avoid setting yourself up to fail because you are trying to accomplish more than you can effectively balance in your life. If you over bear yourself your work life balance will be out of control.Work/life balance is not a nice to have when were in a boom time. It can have a fundamental impact on the corporate performance at all times. Companies who focus on and measure staff wellbeing are in fact being very prudent. Theyre making as big a contribution to their bottom line as those who are looking at ways to increase sales or cut costs

Foreign Direct Investment Determinants Economics Essay

Foreign Direct Investment Determinants Economics EssayThis paper provides a enquiry proposal investigating the question of determinants of FDI in the ASEAN and the SAARC. prodigious relationships and differentials between potential Macro-economic, subject ara specific and Transnational company specific determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the ASEAN (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, capital of Singapore, Vietnam and Thailand) and select SAARC countries (Sri Lanka and India) using data sets from 1990-2011 ar identified. The paper ascertained all objectives of the study and mannered a literature review where 32 variables and 32 hypotheses were identified to test the research question. The proposal was critically centred on research design and research method but also the research conducted time frames, weaknesses and bibliographic references which are to be proposed for future research in to the authors research topic. Finding of the study are to be conducted as per the time frame. what is more the Author provides definitions of all variables in the annexure 2.OrAbstractThis study aims at analyzing the determinants of inappropriate direct investiture inflows for a free radical of European characters. The originality of this approach lies in the use ofdisaggregated regional data. First, we develop a qualitative description of our databaseand discuss the brilliance of the macroeconomic determinants in attracting FDI. Then,we provide an econometric exercise to identify the potential determinants of FDI inflows.In spite of choosing regions presenting economic similarities, we show that regional FDIinflows rely on a combination of factors that differs from one region to an another(prenominal).Design/Methodology/ApproachA mixed method approach to research is conducted gathering secondary data from the land Bank Statistics, International Financial Statistics (IFS) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Global Market Information Databa se (GMID). Global Market Information Database (GMID), the database of Department of Statistics for apiece country (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and Philippines) and the Bloomberg database. Central bank annual reports of all countries. Furthermore primary winding data analysis volition be conducted post testing where interviews with specialists in the field of Finance and economics allow help make meaning to the results.The paper proposes to use a multiple regression analysis method where robustness of results and guess are proven/disproven using ANOVA, Correlations and Model significance. This data will be tested using various statistical packages much(prenominal) as SPPS and visually will be shown to the reader via MS project. Then based on the variables ascertained from literature the hypothesis will be proven or disproven. Furthermore to sustain the affair of the reader the data will be displayed as much as thinkable in the research report stage using graph ical software such as MS project, Microsoft visio, Mind Mapping software and Matlab.FindingsThe following paper is a research proposal and no findings pose been ascertained. search limitations and implicationsCertain variables lacked time series data and whitethorn prove to have close level of significance on FDI. Certain countries did not have the demand data to test Hypothesis.Practical ImplicationsThe finding will be a guideline so that policy planners in emerging markets can use introductory to making any geek of investment decision related to the markets concerned. Also the paper afterwards the finding will have section on the lessons learnt for each country or region in terms of FDI and it will be catalyst paper for future research and academia.Originality/ cherishThe paper extends and expands the knowledge of external metropolis flows and provides a more nuanced chthonicstanding of the importance of internal market dynamism in attracting FDI in the ASEAN and SAARC.Pa per type ResearchChapter 1 unveiling1.0 BackgroundOne of the remarkable features of worldwideization in the nineties was the flow of clandestine cracking in the form of foreign direct investment. FDI is an important cite of development financing, and contributes to productivity gains by providing new investment, better technology, management expertise and export markets (Sahoor, 2004). Domestic investment still accounts for the majority of the total investment in developing economies. Foreign investment can only complement this. However, each form of foreign investment plays a distinct and important role in promoting developing and sustainable development, boosting countries competitiveness, generating employment, and reducing social and income disparities. Non-FDI flows may work either in association with FDI, or separately from it. As no single type of flow alone can meet investment needs, it is vital to leverage their combinations to maximize their development impact (UNCT RAD, 2011) Foreign investors are also pass judgment to alter intangible assets such as technology and managerial skills to the host country and provide a source of new technologies, processors, products, organizational technologies and management skills as a strong impetus to economic development (Dr Catherine S.F. et .al, 2011)As per the Ernst young report six factors will shape our world including, Emerging markets increase their world(a) power, Cleantech becomes a competitive advantage, Global banking seeks recovery through transformation, Governments enhance ties with the private sector, Rapid technology innovation creates a smart, mobile world and Demographic shifts transform the global workforce. If we Identify the key emerging markets globally as per a study conducted by Ernst and Young suggests Estimates show that 70% of world growth over the near few years will come from emerging markets, with chinaware and India accounting for 40% of that growth. Adjusted for variatio ns in purchasing power parity, the ascent of emerging markets is dismantle more impressive the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasts that the total GDP of emerging markets could overtake that of the developed economies as early as 2014 also other emerging markets were identified such as . The emerging markets already attract almost 50% of foreign direct investment (FDI) global inflows and account for 25% of FDI outflows. In fact the bragging(a)st The brightest spots for FDI continue to be Africa, the Middle eastern United States, and Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRICs), with Asiatic markets(Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) of particular interest at the moment. By 2020, the BRICs are expected to account for nearly 50% of all global GDP growth (Ernst Young,2011). In fact from the top 20 FDI inflow host countries as visualized in inscribe 3 China, Hong Kong, Singapore, India and Indonesia are among the top recipients in the wo rld. In fact as per the UNCTADs World Investment Prospectus Survey(WIPS) confirms that developing and transmutation economies are becoming important investors, and this trend Is likely to continue in the near future (UNCTAD, 2011) Therefore Securing a strong base in these countries will be critical for investors seeking growth beyond them (Ernst Young, 2011). As depicted below in phase 2 shows the FDI inflows both global and group of economies, and it is estimated that in 2014 parcel of land of GDP growth in developing countries will surpass that of developed cuntries as shows bellow in figure 2, furthermore as Krugell, 2009 Suggets The spatial dissemination of FDI depends firstly on interregional differences in factor and resource endowments. When foreign firms can choose between different regions, cities or towns, they locate in favourably in ascribable places. Investors also prefer to locate where other firms cluster together. Agglomeration creates a big(p) local market an d ensures diverse intermediate inputs and a thick labour market. This generates verifying externalities which compact costs and increase competitiveness and hence attracts investors.. shape 1 Top 20, Host recipients of FDI (Source UNCTAD, based on annex table I.1 and the FDI/TNC database (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).a graded on the basis of the magnitude of 2010 FDI inflows. Note The number in bracket after the name of the country refers to the ranking in 2009. British Virgin Islands, which bedded 12th in 2010, is excluded from the list) work 2 World GDP forecast (World Economic Outlook, Business Source Monitor, 2010)To secure strong base as sure by Ernst Young for investors require an understanding on the history, policy, trends, important lessons learnt from a global mise en scene with an emphasis in the southward, East and South East Asian regions to understand its investment environment prior to understanding FDI determinants, which will be covered in section 1 of the report. Then the essay will conduct a literature review looking at various benchmark indices that measure FDI performance together with other literature which will help in understanding the location or regional FDI determinant factors at a country specific and regional level. Then the determinants will be tested by model creation for its significance by using data from a variety of reputed sources and testing panel data using OLS regression and a social unit root equation using panel data from 1xxx-2010. Then the findings will be done both for a country specific angle and at a regional level. Then a TOPSIS analysis will be conducted to see if FDI promotes competitiveness. Then the findings will be interpreted and finally the dissertation will be concluded with some considerations for investors/Policy Makers.1.0.1 History, policy, Trends and Lessons learnt through Global FDI and FDI in the ASEAN and SAARC1.0.1.1 Global trends and directions in FDIAs stimulus packages and other publi c fiscal policies fade, free burning economic development fade, sustained economic recovery becomes more dependent on private investment, at present Trans National Corporations (TNC) have taken a customary role as private investors (UNCTRAD, 2011). Global FDI rose to $ 1.24 Billion in 2010 from $1.185 Billion, but were 15% below pre-crisis averages. This in contrast global industrial output and trade, which were back to pre-crisis levels. UNCTAD estimates that Global FDI, will recover to pre-crisis level in 2011, increasingly to $1.4 Trillion-1.6 Trillion, approaching its 2007 peak(as per UNCTAD econometric model), this is baring any global economic shocks, that may arise due to a number of risk factors (UNCTRAD, 2011) risk factors oddly for TNCs have become critical as unpredictability of global economic governance, possible widespread sovereign debt crisis, fiscal financial sector imbalances, rising inflation, apparent signs of overheating certain economies might derail global F DI. Therefore investors have changed there preferences as the global FDI trends depict belowDeveloping (including ASEAN and SAARC) and rebirth economies contributed more than half(52%) of Global FDI flows while its outward flows were also the highest, while intra-regional flows of FDI between developing countries gain TNC were also high. Figure 3 depicts the transition of FDI flows over 3 decades from developed to developing and transition economies (UNCTRAD, 2011). TNC are actively in those countries due to its cost say-so and to remain competitive in the global production networks and also since the consumption patterns in the world are shifting (UNCTAD, 2011).52% to developed and transition countriesfigure 3 World FDI inflows, global and by group of economies(Source UNCTAD, based on annex table I.1 and the FDI/TNC database (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics)In the South, East and South East Asia inflows rose in the region by 24% in 2010, reaching $300 Bn, as a result of economic g rowth, good macro-economic fundamentals and higher commodity prices spurred FDI, figure 4 depicts FDI inflows to the developing economies in the region and it is clear that most FDI flows are flowing to South, East and South East Asia.Figure 4 FDi inflows to developing and transition economies, by region, average of 2005-2007 and 2008 to 2010 (Source UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).International production expansion in foreign sales, assets and employment TNCs account for 1/10 of global GDP and 1/3 of world exports. TNC contribute largely as global presence sustains price advantage, cost effectiveness and make them remain competitive with global production networks. Furthermore state owned TNCs account(650 in number) with its affiliate network (8500 in number), their outward investments account for 11% of global FDI flows. Therefore the governance of state owned TNCs have increase concerns of late, the level playing field, national security, restrictive imp lications for international expansion becomes important for these companies. Understanding their incentives for capital flows is important to understand FDI flows.In 2010, 70% projects(Cross ricochet merger and acquisition (MA) and Greenfield FDI projects) from these were invested in these regions. Mainly FDIs were inherited by BRIC countries in which China and India have gained ground In recent years following speedy economic development in home countries, abundant financial resources are strong motivations to acquire resources and strategic assets abroad. Infact Chinese and Indian companies byword large capital investment beyond their own regions. In fact in 2010, there were seven mega deals(12% of the total inward FDI came from these deals as shown below in table 1 in appendix 2 of this report were done by Chinese companies mainly to the Latin American Region.TNC ROI on FDI is approximately 7.3%, where leverage has shown decline, as proxy by outward FDI stock over foreign asset s.Sales over foreign affiliates increased by 9.1%, reflecting strong revenue in developing and transition economies, employment continued to expand, as efficiency seeking investments increased.A new recent development is that TNCs account for nearly 80% of global FDI and TNCs are in the developing world account for 70% of global FDI flows.Strong profits of TNCs in emerging markets were incentives for further investments. Infact 100 of the largest TNC companies of Anglo-American origins gained 93% of their profits from these economies, this includes high EBIT positions for Coca-Cola, Toyota Motor, Unilever, SABMiller, Nestle, Barrick gold, Holcim, British American Tobacco, Nissan Motor, BASF, Honda Motor and Bayer.Even state owned TNCs became important to global FDI contributing largely to global FDI inflows and outflows, the 15 largest state owned TNCs account for large chunk of global FDI. Geographically 56% of State owned TNCs are located in China (50), Malaysia (50) and India (20 ) are among some top participants. Among them include Volkvagen group, GDF suez, everyday Motors, CITI group, Tata steel to just name a few.If we consider FDI by sector wise classification, FDI towards manufacturing sector increased while services and primary sector saw declines. Within manufacturing business cycle sensitive industries such as metal and metal products, electronics and wood products saw declines while chemicals, food, beverages tobacco, textile, automobiles showed rapid increases in emerging economies. In fact manufacturing related FDI rose to 23% in 2009 to $554 Billion, this as seen made TNCs more receptive to restructuring in to more profitable and productive units FDI in the primary sector decreased in 2010 despite growing demand for raw materials and energy resources, and high commodity prices. FDI projects (including cross-border MA and Greenfield investments) amounted to $254 zillion in 2010, raising the take of the primary sector to 22 per cent, up from 1 4 per cent in the pre-crisis period(UNCTAD, 2011).Natural resource-based companies with sound financial positions, mainly from developing and transition economies, made some large acquisitions in the primary sector. Examples include the purchase of Repsol (Brazil) by Chinas Sinopec Group for $7 billion, and the purchase of the Carabobo block in the Bolivarian nation of Venezuela by a group of investors from India for $4.8 billion. The value of FDI projects in the services sector continued to decline sharply in 2010, with respect to both 2009 and the pre-crisis level of activity. All main service industries (business services, finance, pack and communications and utilities) fell, although at different speeds(UNCTAD, 2011).Business services declined by 8 per cent compared to the precrisis level, as TNCs are outsourcing a growing share of their business protrude functions to external providers, seeking to cut internal costs by externalizing non-core business activities Transportation and telecommunication services suffered equally in 2010 as the industrys restructuring is more or less completed after the round of large MA deals before the crisis particularly in developed countries (UNCTAD, 2011).Figure 5 depicts the break pop up of Sectoral distribution of FDI projects during the 2009-2010 period.Figure 5 Sectoral Distribution of FDI projects (Source UNCTAD. a Comprises cross-border MAs and Greenfield investments. The latter refers to the estimated amounts of capital investment.)In terms of mode of entry Greenfield investment has become much larger that cross-border M A, however TNCs. Recovery of FDI flows in 2011 reliant on the rise of both Greenfield and MA. as depicted in figure 6 MA and Greenfield projects have increased by 36% to $ 339 Bn as a result of higher stock prices increased the purchasing power of investors to invest abroad, the higher the values of corporate assets in 2010 raised the leverage of investors to undertake MA by using shares in part payment. At the same time the ongoing corporate and industrial restructuring is creating new oppertunies for for change rich TNCs including those from emerging markets. However the total project value of Greenfield Investments over MA is not surprising as varying conditionality has tilted the favor towards Greenfield projectsFigure 6 Greenfield Vs Mergers and Acquisitions (Source UNCTAD, based on UNCTAD cross-border MA database and information from the Financial TimesLtd, FDI Markets (www.fDimarkets.com).Note Data for value of Greenfield FDI projects refer to estimated amounts of capital investment.If we consider FDI by luck reinvested earnings grew fast, while equity capital investments and intra-company loans declined, cash reserves of foreign affiliates grew substantially. For example the profits to sales ratio of the United States SP 500 firms, Japanese Firms, Korean firms and developing country firms rose in 2010.However the rise in reinvested earning brought a decline in equ ity capital, intra-company loans declined as loans were paid back and capital was held for future investments. Given the fact the foreign affiliates hold large retained earnings on their balance sheet, repatriation to their parents become important role in ascertain the investment flows. Here government policymakers need to take steps.FDI flows in developing economies and transition economies should be treated with caution due to containing some short-term quicksilver(a) flows, hot money, stabilization of capital flows represents an important challenge to many developing countries.As private foreign capital flows-portfolio investment, bank loans and FDI all contribute to development. simply due to the nature of the crisis, official development assistance (ODA) is less prone to fluctuations and is as important to developing countries. But there effectiveness has been questioned on genuine development.Private equity sponsored FDI has regained momentum, although it fell of its pre- crisis level. It is directed more towards developing and transition economies as secondary buyouts and smaller acquisitions.Sovereign Wealth Funds FDI declined substantially because of soberly reduced investment from the Gulf region. However its long term potential as a source of investment remains.Poorest countries saw declines in FDI flows such as landlocked countries, small island developing countries or certain regions in south Asia.(UNCTRAD, 2011)Figure 5 FDI inflows by component (Source UNCTAD, based on data from FDI/TNC database (www/unctad.org/fdistatistics).a Based on 106 countries that account for 85 per cent of total FDI inflows during the period 2007-2010.1.0.1.2 Policy reform in terms of FDI and Macro-economic reform in East, South, South-East AsiaThe Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and East/Southeast Asian countries have made rapid enhancement in their macroeconomic situations, investment, exports and employment over the decade of 1980s and 1990s through the use of la rge amounts of Foreign Direct Investment. Similarly private capital, which was long seen with concern and suspicion, is now regarded as source of investment and economic growth in South Asia. Like other developing countries, South Asian economies focus their investment incentives exclusively on foreign firms. Over the last cardinal years, market reforms, trade liberalization and intense competition for FDI have led to reduced restrictions on foreign investment and expanded the scope for FDI in most sectors. However, the South Asian countries have been largely unsuccessful in attracting FDI. These countries, jointly and also individually, receive low FDI compared to PRC, Brazil, Singapore and other East/Southeast Asian countries. South Asia received the smallest FDI flows among developing Asian countries, accounting for around 3 percent of the total FDI inflows to developing countries in the region. All the countries in the South Asian region except India have received very little a ttention and negligible FDI inflows. South Asian policymakers realize that credible efforts for economic reforms in South Asia must involve an upgrading of technology, scale of production and linkages to an increasingly integrated globalise production system chiefly through the participation of Multi National Corporations (MNCs). South Asian countries have many advantages to offer to potential investors, including high and steady economic growth, single-digit inflation, vast domestic markets, a growing number of skilled personnel, an increasing entrepreneurial class and constantly improving financial systems, including expanding capital markets. On top of these advantages, South Asian countries have been designing policies and giving incentives to foreign direct investment in several ways (Sahoor, 2006)Till the late 1960s, most of the developing economies, including those of East Asia, adopted closed macroeconomic policies with import substitution industrialization policies, under w hich self-reliance and indigenous efforts were encouraged. At the same time, a dominant role was assigned to the state in the development process. These import substitution strategies, coupled with the large public sectors, resulted in rent seeking activities and uncompetitive production processes (Bhagawati and Srinivasan, 1975). Therefore, export-led industrialization and liberalization was advocated to make the production process efficient and competitive. Following the export-oriented growth arguing (Bhagawati and Srinivasan, 1975 and Kruger, 1975), and the success of East Asian countries with higher exports and economic growth during the period from the early seventies to mid nineties, most of the South Asian countries started opening up their economies from the early eighties. The South Asian economies are flow rately enjoying the benefits of economic reforms, particularly reforms related to trade and investment. These countries undertook reform processes and opened up their economies after having experienced dull growth rates throughout the seventies and eighties (Sahoor, 2006 ). Please see appendix 1 for the types of reforms undertaken by SAARC countries.1.0.1.3 Current trends in the ASEAN and SAARC* to understand the Policy, policy fashion model or related public institutions for FDI then foreign policy in terms of its automatic routes, government approval, FDI in attractive zones, repatriation of profit, labour regulations applicable to the South, East and South-East Asian Countries have been shown in appendix 1 of this report.Figure 6 Various Tables and Graphs (Source UNCTAD, 2011)In 2010, FDI inflows to South, East and South- East Asia increased by 24 per cent, to $300 billion (Figure A of Figure 6). inflows to the ASEAN countries more than doubled those to China and Hong Kong (China) enjoyed double-digit growth while those to India, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan province of China showed decline (table B of figure 6). FDI to ASEAN increased to $79 billion in 2010 breaking 2007s previous record of $76 billion recorded at pre-crisis level times. The boost was compulsive by large magnitude of FDI inflows to Malaysia (537 per cent), Indonesia (173 per cent) and Singapore (153 per cent) (table A annex table I.1). Positive policy at country level fuelled good performance at heart region, and seem likely to continue to do so in 2010, Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines liberalized more industries Indonesia improved its FDI-related administrative procedures and the Philippines strengthened the supportive services for public private partnerships.Singapore the global financial centre and a regional hub of TNC headquarters, has benefited greatly from increasing investment in developing Asia, this accounted for half of ASEANs FDI, recorded record FDI levels of $39 billion in 2010. Due to rising production costs in China, some ASEAN countries, such as Indonesia and Viet Nam, have gained ground as low-cost production locatio ns, especially for low end manufacturing.FDI to East Asia rose to $188 billion, thanks to growing inflows to Hong Kong (China) (32 per cent) and China (11 per cent) (table A). Benefiting greatly from its close economic relationship with mainland China, Hong Kong (China) quickly recovered from the shock of the global financial crisis, and FDI inflows recorded a historic high of $69 billion in 2010. However, inflows to the other two newly industrializing economies, namely the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, declined by 8 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively.China continues to experience rising wages and production costs, so the widespread offshoring of low-cost manufacturing to that country has been slowing down and divestments are occurring from the coastal areas.Meanwhile China has seen structural transformation shifting FDI inflows towards high technology sectors and services. For instance, FDI in real estate alone accounted for more than 20 per cent of total infl ows to China in 2010, and the share was almost 50 per cent in early 2011. Mirroring similar arrangements in some developed countries, China established a joint ministerial committee in 2011 to review the national security implications of certain foreign acquisitions.FDI to South Asia declined to $32 billion, reflecting a 31 per cent slide in inflows to India and a 14 percent drop in Pakistan, the two largest recipients of FDI in the subcontinent. In India, the setback in attracting FDI was partly due to macroeconomic concerns, such as a high current account deficit and inflation, as well as to delays in the approval of large FDI projects10 these factors are hindering the Indian Governments efforts to boost investment, including the planned $1.5 trillion investment in infrastructure between 2007 and 2017. In contrast, inflows to Bangladesh increased by nearly 30 percent to $913 million the country is becoming a major low-cost production location in South Asia.Cross-border MAs in the region declined by near 8 per cent to $32 billion in 2010. MAs in manufacturing rose slightly while they declined by 8 per cent in services. Within manufacturing, the value of deals surged in industries such as chemical products ($6.0 billion), motor vehicles ($4.2 billion) and metal products ($1.6 billion), but dropped in industries such as food and beverages ($2.9 billion) and electronics ($920 million) (table D). Greenfield investment remained stable in 2010, after a significant slowdown due to widespread divestments and project cancellations in 2009 (annex table I.8).FDI inflows to East Asia should continue to grow in the near future, and those to South Asia are likely to regain momentum. The competitiveness of South- East Asian countries in low-cost production will be strengthened, and further FDI increases can be expected. Prospects for inflows to the LDCs in the region are promising, thanks to intensified South-South economic cooperation, fortified by surging intraregional F DI. Indeed, countries in the region have made significant progress in their regional economic integration efforts (within Greater China, and between China and ASEAN, for example), which will translate into a more favourable investment climate for intraregional FDI flows. To get a scalelike picture of the emerging trends in terms of its industrial patterns please refer appendix 2 of this report.(UNCTAD, 2011)1.2 Problem StatementHowever despite recent improvements FDI flows have declined in 2012, for the first time Developed nations and nations in transition received more FDI than there Asian counterparts during the recent period which has primarily been as a result of volatility in the markets. The capital surge is exposing developing countries to greater unstability, putting direct pressure on their exchange rate and the low interest rate environment will be hard sustain in the long term (UNCTRAD, 2011). While FDI recovery resumes unevenly, the world wide demand for private produc tive investment is increasing as public investment, which rescued the global economy from declines in FDI in one country after another. With unsustainable level of debt in many countries, with nervous capital markets, governments must now rein in their deficits and let private investment take over the lead role in generating and supporting recovery. Infact responses by TNCs indicate increasing awareness to invest, and clear priority in opportunistic areas but TNCs feel that increased protectionism coupled by regulatory risks have put a brake on capital expenditures. Infact many developed nations require private investment rather than public investment, but TNCs are reluctant to invest due to past FDI performance would seem to warrant(UNCTRAD, 2011). Taking in to consideration the volatility in the markets, TNC investments directed towards the right countries, sectors and the understanding of the current investment environment is pivotal. However current indicies are full of limitati ons and thus building an index to both understand the current investment environment and reduce the limitations in other indicies is the main problem trying to be solved by this report.1.3 ObjectiveThis study aims to provide an investigation of the determinants significantly affecting FDI flows in to key emerging markets in in East, South and South East Asia. The investigation builds on previous research both from literature conference minutes and focuses on a variety of determinants including the policy framework of FDI, economic determinants and FDI determinants in relation to business facilitation for FDI. This is a important consideration in the global context for investors. To construct the variables 3 sets of macroeconomic, country specific and transnational company specific determinants of FDI will be used. The empirical assessment will consider econometric models such as Improved Inward FDI Potent

Study of Rail Structure: Risk Analysis and Failure Mode

Study of Rail Structure happen Analysis and Failure ModeStudy of Rail StructureRisk Analysis and Failure Mode AvoidanceIn this case study, a brief overview of prepareroad track structure is discussed. Defects related to caterpillar track failure are considered infixed to frame out the correct maintenance strategy. As it is closely associated with safety of passenger and cargo transportation, hence it retains high venture in ground of tender-hearted lives and personify of resources. There will always be some risk associated with collisions and de vilifyments except it can be descendd by eradication of the root causes. delineation and amendment of train defects are major issues for all complain companies around the world.There are challenges to the infrastructure maintenance individuals to perform efficacious inspection and cost efficacious rectification decisions. If addressed properly these can scale down capability risk of civilize breaks and de educatements.Risk assessment and Failure mode avoidance has become a vital constraint for the organisations to decide a cost effective and improved solution that could meet the financial constraints regarding inspection, renewal and replacement of inveighs and vagabonds. This study aims to reduce cost and risks related to rail operation by effective approaches. The issues and challenges related to rail maintenance are outlined. The maintenance strategy followed by well-nigh railway companies is also defined.Large Railways infrastructures are the prime manner of transportation in several countries. Improved and better safety measurements are continuously presented but dumb could not be considered as incidents proof. There will always be some risk related with derailments and other occurrences such as major intermission to services, which can furthered be minimised by detailed examination of the root causes. Some of the causes require improvement in skill and efficiency, for example human error, a nd some may be improved by optimization of inspection regularity. Therefore, a appropriate thorough study of the defects which develop both on the rolling stock and rail infrastructure is vital to frame out the correct maintenance approach. European Union spends around 2 billion every year for maintenance and repairing of distressed rails (European Commission Cordis, 2017). It is understood that the consequential cost collect to derailment decreases with rise in inspection, lubrication and grinding charges. Risk in railways could be expressed in terms of cost, loss of human lives, infrastructure unavailability, traffic delay and environmental impact which may be cause referable to derailment of a train carrying hazardous sensible.In this report, diametrical kinds of rail defects and maintenance procedures followed aredescribed. Different risk assessment and failure mode avoidance methods and tools have been discussed briefly in this report. Some of the issues and challenges related to railmaintenance are also addressed with an aim to reduce the total cost and risks associated with rail operations.Rails are longitudinal make members that accommodate wheel around loads and distribute these loads over the standoffs or supports, guiding the train wheels evenly and continuously. It is one of the most important components of the track structure. Usually a insipid bottom railis used in conventional railway track, which can be separated into 3 parts rail engineer, rail weband rail foot. Many standards are used for rail pens. (Kumar, 2007) issue 1 shows the 2 parkland rail profiles. write in code 1 Flat bottom and Bullhead rail profilesThe rails must possess sufficient insensibility so that they can act as beams and transfer the concentrated wheel loads to the spaced sleeper supports without excessive deflection between supports. (Ernest and lav, 1994)Due to economic pressure, there is a world-wide trend to increase axle loads, traffic densityand speed to reduce the operating cost and increase the efficiency of railways. Axle loadsaround the world have increase in general from 22.5 to 32.5 Tonnes in last ten years (Allen, 1999). This has led to increased rate of defect formation in rails. Some of the common defects are described in the following sections.4.1. ShellingShelling is a defect caused by loss of material initiated by subsurface fatigue. Shelling normally takes place at the gauge corner of high rails in curves. An elliptical dress down like crack propagates in the subsurface parallel to the rail surface. When these cracks emerge on the surface, they cause the metal to come out from the crack area. It is generally eliminated by grinding. (Kumar, 2007)Figure 2 Shelling caused by Head Checks4.2. Head ChecksIn the crown area, the contact stresses are generally low as it has greater profile radius incomparison to the gauge side of rail. However, high contact stresses are produced on the high rails gauge corner, which usuall y has curve radius from 1000 to 1500 m. Headchecks are known to occur in tighter ((IHHA, 2001).If head checks are not statementled, they can cause a rail break. Grinding is the most common practice to remove head checks. Severe head checks need rail section replacement.4.3. SquatsUnlike shelling, squats appear in crown area of uncoiled rail sections. They are surfaceinitiated defects formed by RCF. A squat is formed by two cracks, a leading crack and atrailing crack. Both these cracks propagate in opposite direction. These defects could be prevented by grinding. (Kumar, 2007)4.4. SpallingSpalling occurs, when the surface initiated crack development path is intersected by other similar shallow cracks on the rail head area, a shallow chip of rail material falls out. Spalling is more common in cold climates as rail stiffness increases.Figure 3 Gauge Corner Spalling in rails 4.5. Tache OvaleTache Ovale is a subsurface defect formed around 10-15 mm below the rail head surface (see Figu re 4). This is caused by hydrogen accumulation during manufacturing of rail or when poor welding is done in rails. Thermal and residual stresses also summate to form this defect.Figure 4 Tache Ovale 4.6. Plastic Flow and Tongue LippingPlastic flow occurs in rail head area, the depth of which may be up to 15 mm. Plastic flowoccurs on the field side of the low rail due to overloading. Tongue lipping is also a form of plastic deformation, but it is initiated by surface cracks. These cracks partially separate a layer of material from the bulk of rail. (IHHA, 2001)4.7. Bolt Hole CrackBolt holes appear in the rail web often starting from the fastening point of fishplates. Butthese become weak points to resist crack initiation. These cracks have a very high capability to cause rail break and needs urgent replacement.4.8. Longitudinal Vertical CrackThis is a manufacturing defect, which usually appears in the rail web and may transmit in railhead also. If this crack is intersected by some other crack, it may lead to an early rail suspension. Odds of sudden fracture due to this become predominant in cold climate.Figure 5 Longitudinal vertical crack 4.9. thwartwise CrackTransverse crack is mostly developed in the cross-sectional area of wrong weld joints. Awelding defect may be due to variation in weld material or rail manufacturing defect. Figure 6 shows a Transverse crack develops from the centre of the rail head or the rail foot. Use of clean steel and deeper hardening of rail head may avoid its formation. (Kumar, 2007)Figure 6 Transverse crack 4.10. BucklingLateral buckling in rails is a very common defect in which the rail bulges out on its either sidedue to expansion. As the temperature rises, longitudinal expansion in rail takes place.4.11. CorrugationCorrugation is a rail flaw consisting of the wave-like go intoing of the rail tread visualized aspeaks and valleys, in other words, it is a periodic irregularity of the rail surface (IHHA, 2001),see Figure 7.F igure 7 Corrugation in railsRail corrugations are the result of a damage mechanism, such as wear etc. Rail corrugations do not pose risk of immediate derailment, but they may be responsible for loosening of rail fastenings, ballast deterioration, increase in noise and thrill level leading to passenger discomfort, etc.Two main types of corrugations which generally occur in rails areShort stagger corrugationsLong pitch corrugationTables below show the percentage and type of defect detection by different rail infrastructurecompanies.RailwayFirstSecondThird after partRail track (1999/2000)Squats 21.7%Vertical/transverse 20.1%Horizontal/longitudinal 12.5%Bolt holes 9.6%SNCF (1999)Squats 23.4%Internal fatigue 11.5%Shells 8.4%Thermite welds 4.7%HSPC (1999)Thermite welds 31.5% roll out burns 17.2%Horizontal split webs 13.3%Bolt holes 11.3%NS (1997)Insulated Joints 59.4%Transverse defects 18%Thermite welds 15%Fatigue Failure5.2%DB (1996)Thermite welds 29%Sudden fracture 18%Fatigue Failure 16%Electric bonds4.0 %Banverket(1998)Transverse fracture 55.1%Welded joint 32.7%Horizontal defect 6.1%Vertical split2.0%HH1 (1999)Vertical split heads 34.7%Thermite welds 20.3%Detail fractures 13.1%Bolt holes 12.2%HH2 (1999)Transverse defects 23.6%Thermite welds 15.5%Wheel burns 13.2%Shells 9.6%Table 1 Causes of defective rails (Source Kumar, 2007)Rail breaks and derailments can cost the rail players in terms of loss of revenue, property, environmental damage or even loss of life. Estimation of these costs and analysis of risks are important in deciding effective maintenance strategies. In simple terms, risk can be defined as the find out or probability of loss, damage or injury. (Reddy, 2004)5.1. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)FMEA is a step-by-step procedure for systematic evaluation of the severity of potential failure modes in a system. This process was originally developed in the 1960s, to analyse the safety of aircrafts, but has been since applied to several other fi elds, including nuclear condition plants and the military. (Villemeur, 1992-A)Figure 8 Schematic representation of the FMEA. (Source Villemeur, 1992-A).5.2. Risk Priority Number (RPN)Risk priority number (RPN) is a methodology for analysing the risk associated with potentialproblems identify during (FMEA) (for details refer Reliasoft, 2005).Assigning RPN requires the analysis team to rate each potential problem per three rating scalesSeverityOccurrenceDetectionafter the ratings, have been assigned the RPN for each issue is calculated as mentioned below,RPN = Severity x Occurrence x DetectionRail maintenance issues can be broadly classified intoInspection issuesIssues related to rail wear, RCF and rail weldingRectification and replacement issues6.1. Rail Inspection IssuesThe effectiveness of rail inspection depends on the efficiency and accuracy of the inspectingequipment. It also depends on the skill and experience of inspectors. Error in inspection is an important issue and its re duction is a big challenge. This principally depends on the technological limitations of the inspection equipment and the skill level of the rail inspectors.Figure 9 Rail inspection issues (Source Kumar, 2007)6.2. Issues related to Rail Wear, RCF and Rail WeldingFigure 11 outlines the rail maintenance issues. The following sections briefly describe someof these issues.Figure 10 Rail maintenance issues (Source Kumar, 2007)6.2.1. Rail Wear IssuesWear occurs due to interaction of rail and wheel. It includes mild and severe wear. Mild wear takes place slowly but severe wear is often much faster. Severe wear is predominant in curves and occurs dry conditions. Lubrication techniques are used to prevent such wears.Four commonly used techniques which are followed for rail-wheel lubrication areTop of rail lubricatorsWheel flange lubricatorsWayside lubricatorsOn board lubricators6.2.2. Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) IssuesIn the late 1990s RCF accounted for about 60% of defects found by eins teinium Japan Railways, while in France (SNCF) and UK (Railtrack) the calculates were about 25% and 15%,respectively. RCF is a major future concern as business demands for higher(prenominal) speed higher axle loads, higher traffic density and higher tractive forces increase (see Cannon et al, 2003).Rail grinding removes surface metal from the rail head. It is done mainly with intensions to control RCF defects and rail wear. Rail grinding became increasingly recognized for controlling RCF defects from 1980 onwards, prior to that it was mainly focused on corrugation removal.6.2.3. Rail Welding IssuesSmall imperfection in welds can cause cracks to initiate. A defect free weld requires skilledworkforce, better weld material along with improved welding techniques and equipment.6.3. Other Issues bear upon Rail Wear, RCF and Rail WeldingRisk and cost are analysed by rail infrastructure operators in maintenance decisions. It covers rail lubrication, rail grinding and rail weld.Other impor tant issues areRail materialRail traffic density and axle loadTrack geometryIn Conclusion, first a brief overview of rail structure is discussed. Then, diverse range of rail defects and degradation processes have been studied. From the literature analyses done, it is interpreted that there is a need for better ways to monitor and divine rail defects over a period based on operational conditions and maintenance tactics. A good knowledge of risk along with an idea of the methods used for risk analysis is also required. Hence, before improvement of any model or any empirical relationship associated with risk and failure, there should first be a familiarity with risk management tools and failure mode avoidance. This study focuses on some such tools.Also, the issues and challenges related to rail maintenance are discoursed. The aim is to reduce risks related to rail operation that leads to failure mode, by effective decisions associated to rail inspection, grinding, rectifications lubri cations, and rail replacements. Some of the challenges in this area include development of cost effective maintenance decisions, reliability and availability of logistics support, which include availability of capable equipment, skilled personnel and availability of rail track.8.1. ReferencesAllen, R., (1999) Finding best practice at the wheel/rail interface, International RailwayJournal, flock 6, pp. 48-50.European Commission Cordis (2017) AutoScan Rail inspection. useable from http//cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/203338_en.html sighted February 2017Cannon, D. F., Edel, K.O., Grassie, S. L. and Sawley, K. (2003) Rail defects an overview,Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials Structures, Volume 26, October 2003, pp.865-886.Ernest, T. S. and John, M. W. (1994) Track Geometry and Substructure Management,Thomas Telfold.IHHA (2001) Guidelines to best practices for heavy haul railway operations wheel and railinterface issues, International Heavy Haul Association, whitethorn 2001, V irginia, USA.KUMAR, S. (2007). Study of Rail Breaks Associated Risks and Maintenance Strategies. Lulea Railway Research Center (JVTC)MIL-STD-1629A, (1980) Military Standard Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode,Effects and Criticality Analysis, Department of Defence, USA. Available from http//www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/risk/e-guidelines/RBDM/html/vol4/Volume4/Toolspec_Rec/FMEA/MIL-STD-1629A.pdf sighted February 2017Reddy, V. (2004) Modelling and Analysis of Rail Grinding Lubrication Strategies forControlling Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) and Rail Wear, Master Thesis, QueenslandUniversity of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.Reliasoft (2005) Examining risk priority numbers in FEMA, Reliability Edge, volume 4,issue1. Available from http//www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/2q2003/rpns.htm sighted February 2017VILLEMEUR, Alain (1992-A, 1992-B). Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment, A Vol. 1 Methods and Technique. B Vol.2 Assessment, Hardware, software product and Human Factors John Wiley Sons.8.2. FiguresFigure 1 https//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rail_profile.svg/800px-Rail_profile.svg.png?1487817217791Figure 2 http//www.ndt.net/article/v07n06/thomas/fig3.jpgFigure 3 http//www.railwayexpertwitness.com/images/inspect9-300.jpgFigure 4 https//www.researchgate.net/publication/229632336/figure/fig8/ASemailprotected/Figure-1-Tache-ovale-or-kidney-rail-failure.pngFigure 5 http//www.ndt.net/article/0698/schub/fig1.gifFigure 6 http//mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/imfile/09192.jpgFigure 7 http//railmeasurement.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/corrugation-track1.jpgFigure 8VILLEMEUR, Alain (1992-A, 1992-B). Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment, A Vol. 1 Methods and Technique. B Vol.2 Assessment, Hardware, Software and Human Factors John Wiley Sons.Figure 9 and 10KUMAR, S. (2007). Study of Rail Breaks Associated Risks and Maintenance Strategies. Lulea Railway Research Center (JVTC)

Essay --

pulverisation Farming Mass Production or According to the Organic Consumers Association, in 1970 there were approximately 900,000 family farms in the unite States by 1997 there were only 139,000 family farms. This number is continually decreasing by the year. Why is this a problem? Factory farms promote abusive practices in ordinate to maximize production at minimal cost at the expense of the environment, the community, and even our personal health. They house thousands of living creatures and inject them with hormones in order to maximize their offshoot and food output. The techniques being used be inhumane and are used thousands of times a day. According to the Organic Consumers Association, two out of every one-third animal products in stores come from manufactory farms. Factory farms dominate food production throughout the country. Animals most commonly consumed that require large-scale farming practices are cows, chickens and pigs. The methods of farming are not only ba d for the animals themselves, but its affecting the meat we put into our bodies, and is therefore affecting ones health. Factory farms ultimately have a negative effect on the health of both the animal and the consumer of the animal product.In todays traditional factory farms, beef cattle are being raised in cruel living environments. In an article written by Berry Estabrook titled Feedlots vs Pastures 2 Very Different Ways to Fatten Beef Cattle, published in The Atlantic written December 28th, 2011 says that most of Americas beef comes from factory farms. They are crammed by the thousands into crowded, confined dirt lots. The cattle have hardly any room to move around and are forced to live in piles of their proclaim excrement. Due to the many cows, they are deprived from ve... ...hat can be made towards stopping factory farming corporations from taking over. One of those ways could be to discovering how animal products are made. You can research companies that you commonly buy to make educating purchasing decisions when buying items from a grocery store. If you decide to buy an animal product, look up if the animals were forced to live in confined environments or if they were raised in open fields in their natural habitats. We can also spread the intelligence to others. Talk to them about the problems with factory farming and the issues and encourage them to take action. This can range to anyone from a small audience like your family, to a much big audience like a local school. By taking these small steps you will impact animals that are being abused, your personal health, the health of love ones, and the health of others throughout the country.

What are groups? Essay -- Communication Skills, Team Work

Groups are collections of people with similar qualities and shared aims coming together to share cognition and to learn from each opposite through discussion (Jaques and Salmon, 2007). Through group work (GW) students acquire effective collaborative, problem-solving, teamwork and communication skills. These are key skills required in employment where graduates will often need to work in teams to discuss solutions to problems / tasks. According to Race (2007) the above transferable skills can only be learnt from, and with, other people. Humans are social beings, thus individual learning is seen as a cultural process of participation as a group part interacting and socialising with each other (Maiden and Perry, 2011). Learners were tasked to design a module in groups of five or six in LTM113. Tuckmans Model (TM) of group schooling will be used to discuss how GW is employed as a means to achieve the development of a module. TM is used by behaviorist scientist to analyse indi vidual and group behaviour in the workplace, but the realm for Higher Education is that by recognising where a group is in the process, teachers can stand by steer the group to the desired stage. A brief synopsis of each stage is outlined below, reflecting on my experience in GW. The first stage of TM is Forming where members comes together to form a group, which involves testing limits to identify boundaries of both interpersonal and task behaviours (Tuckman, 1965). My group consists of a heterogenous mix of five lecturers from different faculty, providing merge academic ability and experience to benefit GW. Participating in self-selection into groups promotes a sense of ownership, but self-selected groups can be subjective to discrimination by... ...eeping a tenseness on the task enabled the group to effectively reallocate roles, and collective effort helps towards the building of the module.A criticism of TM is that it is linear and observations are qualitative, subjectiv e to bias. Findings cannot be generalised as there is a lack of control of independent variables and inequality in representation (Tuckman, 1965). An argument is that development of groups is not straightforward because human being processes are complex. There may be overlap between different stages in TM as when group conflict is fading, feelings of cohesion may be rising. These changes do not occur in a discontinuous, staged-like sequence. Furthermore, groups are constantly forming and changing and they can move to a different stage. For example, when the group was performing, unexpected problems could thrust the group back to storming.